Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching Formation, construction & classification of English words 2

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-forms & word-formation Inflection & derivation Derivation by affixation conversion (zero suffix) suffixation Compounding & shortening compound combining form blend shortening: initialism (alphabetism, acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis Productivity & possible words Blocking & constraints

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Morphology morphology: - the study of the structure of words

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Morphology morphology: - the study of the structure of words inflectional morphology: - the study of the structure of grammatical word-forms (of CONTENT WORDS)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Morphology morphology: - the study of the structure of words inflectional morphology: - the study of the structure of grammatical word-forms (of CONTENT WORDS)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Morphology morphology: - the study of the structure of words inflectional morphology: - the study of the structure of grammatical word-forms (of content words) derivational morphology: - the study of the structure of content words, incl.

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Morphology morphology: - the study of the structure of words inflectional morphology: - the study of the structure of grammatical word-forms (of content words) derivational morphology: - the study of the structure of content words, incl. the FORMATION of new WORDS

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleepy sleepily sleepiness sleepish sleepishly sleepishness sleepless sleeplessly sleeplessness sleeptalk sleepwalk sleepwear sleeping beauty sleeping pill sleeped sleepathon sleepilicious sleepalicious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 verbnoun derivation by conversion, or: by transposition, or: by functional shift, or: by zero-derivation ( or: zero-affixation, i.e. by adding a ?zero-suffix? ) (some) sleep- (good) sleep- (in her) sleep- I sleep They sleep

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 nounadjective derivation by affixation sleep + suffix -y sleep-y

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 nounadjective derivation by affixation sleep + suffix -y sleep-y hand-y hair-y leaf-y meat-y milk-y wind-y word-y

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation sleepy + suffix -ly sleepi-ly

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation sleepy + suffix -ly sleepi-ly Why not call it: noun-adverb derivation sleep + -ily

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 noun ?adverb? derivation by affixation sleep + ?suffix -ily? sleep-ily ?hand-ily ?hair-ily ?leaf-ily ?meat-ily ?milk-ily ?wind-ily ?word-ily

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation sleepy + suffix -ly sleepi-ly hot-ly happi-ly cold-ly lazi-ly slow-ly easi-ly quick-ly

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectivenoun derivation by affixation sleepy + suffix -ness sleepi-ness

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectivenoun derivation by affixation sleepy + suffix -ness sleepi-ness bloody bloodi-ness dizzy dizzi-ness gloomy gloomi-ness

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 nounadjective derivation by affixation sleep + suffix -ish sleep-ish

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation sleepish + suffix -ly sleepish-ly

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectivenoun derivation by affixation sleepish + suffix -ness sleepish-ness

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 nounadjective derivation by affixation sleep + suffix -less sleep-less

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation sleepless + suffix -ly sleepless-ly

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 adjectivenoun derivation by affixation sleepless + suffix -ness sleepless-ness

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleep-y sleepi-ly sleepi-ness sleep-ish sleep-ish-ly sleep-ish-ness sleep-less sleep-less-ly sleep-less-ness Word-formation by derivation Derivation by: conversion

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleep-y sleepi-ly sleepi-ness sleep-ish sleep-ish-ly sleep-ish-ness sleep-less sleep-less-ly sleep-less-ness Word-formation by derivation Derivation by: conversion affixation

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleep-y sleepi-ly sleepi-ness sleep-ish sleep-ish-ly sleep-ish-ness sleep-less sleep-less-ly sleep-less-ness Word-formation by derivation Derivation by: conversion affixation suffixation

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleep-y sleepi-ly sleepi-ness sleep-ish sleep-ish-ly sleep-ish-ness sleep-less sleep-less-ly sleep-less-ness Word-formation by derivation Derivation by: conversion affixation suffixation verbnoun drvtn nounadj drvtn adjadv drvtn adjnoun drvtn

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 sleep sleep-y sleepi-ly sleepi-ness sleep-ish sleep-ish-ly sleep-ish-ness sleep-less sleep-less-ly sleep-less-ness sleeptalk sleepwalk sleepwear sleeping beauty sleeping pill sleeped sleepathon sleepilicious sleepalicious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word- formation by ? sleeptalk sleepwalk sleepwear sleeping beauty sleeping pill sleeped sleepathon sleepilicious sleepalicious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by COMPOUNDING (i.e. not by derivation) (the root) sleep + (the root) xxx sleep-talk sleep-walk sleep-wear

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by derivation & compounding sleep+ing & xxxx sleep-ing beauty (The beauty is sleeping.) sleep-ing pill (?The pill is sleeping.) sleep-ing bag (?The bag is sleeping.)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by ?derivation? & compounding sleep+ing & xxxx Ms Sleeping Beauty  sleeping pill  sleeping bag sleeping policeman sleeping partner Advanced question for self-study: Is the suffix -ing inflectional or derivational?

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by derivation (derivation by affixation) sleep + suffix -er sleep-er e.g. light sleeper sleeper train

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by BACKFORMATION televise  television edit  editor babysit  babysitter (word-formation by analogy: revise  revision; act  actor) ??(profess  professor)??

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 word formation by BACKFORMATION (back-derivation) revise  revision televise  television destroy  destruction  self-destruction self-destruct    self-destruction

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 word-formation by COMBINING FORMS sleep + suffix -logy sleep-o-logy word-formation by CLIPPING sleepo (short for sleepology)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by COMBINING FORMS sleep + suffix -logy OR -ology sleep-o-logy archae-o-logy archae-ology bio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology) cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology) etym-o-logy etym-ology fossil-o-logy fossil-ology geo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology) psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology) socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-formation by COMBINING FORMS sleep + suffix -logy OR -ology sleep-o-logy archae-o-logy archae-ology bio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology) cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology) etym-o-logy etym-ology fossil-o-logy fossil-ology geo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology) psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology) socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)  “o”: arguably a structural requirement / constraint  ology / ologies

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 word-formation by BLENDING sleep + education sleeped sleep-ed sleepEd

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 word-formation by COMBINING FORMS sleep + suffix -logy sleep-o-logy word-formation by BLENDING sleep + education sleeped sleep-ed sleepEd

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 ??? sleep + (mara)thon sleep-a-thon sleep + (de)licious sleep-i-licious sleep-a-licious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 BLENDING (also called portmanteau) sleep + (mara)thon sleep-a-thon sleep + (de)licious sleep-i-licious sleep-a-licious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 BLENDING sm(oke) + (f)og = smog mo(dulator) + dem(odulator) = modem glo(al) + (lo)cal = glocal fr(iend) + enemy = frenemy ima(gine) + (en)gineering = imagineering pro(fessional) pro(ducer) More: http://electricka.com/etaf/muses/languagearts/words/portmanteau_words/portmanteau_words_table/portmanteau_words_list.asp zebra + donkey = zonkey: http://timfall.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/portmanteau-lesson-in-luggage-and-language/ + (con)sumer = prosumer

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 ACRONYMS Sleep Disordered Breathing SDB Period Limb Movements of Sleep PLMS (initialism: alphabetism  acronym)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 AI: Amnesty International, artificial intelligence BP: British Petroleum, blood pressure, beautiful people alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS read only memory ROM acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items HKSAR: SARS: CD: EU (European Union): VP (Vice-President):

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet acronym: an initialism pronounced like an individual lexical item “There are cases where alphabetisms are mixed with acronyms and the two systems of pronunciation are combined: e.g. VP (for Vice-President) pronounced like veep and ROTC (for Reserve Officers Training Corps) pronounced like rotcy.” (Jackson & Zé Amvela 2007:103)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 SHORTENING initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) Sleep Disordered Breathing SDB clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation) expo (short for exposition) flu (short for influenza) varsity (short for university) uni (short for university)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 SHORTENING initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) Sleep Disordered Breathing SDB clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation) expo (short for exposition) flu (short for influenza) varsity (short for university) uni (short for university) aphesis (in casual speech) … ‘scuse me; ‘fessor; hold it, ‘cause I …

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 What might have blocked the formation of the following? sleep-ee sleepi-li-ness sleep-ish-li-ness sleep-less-li-ness

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 What might have blocked the formation of the following? sleep-ee Language use (pragmatic) constraint on productivity: adviser - advisee employer – employee trainer – trainee ?sleeper – sleepee? (morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint)

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 What might have blocked the formation of the following? sleep-ee Language use (pragmatic) constraint on productivity: adviser - advisee employer – employee trainer – trainee ?sleeper – sleepee? (morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint) Possible confusion when spoken: sleepy sleepee

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Linguistic-Meaning (semantic) or Language-Use (pragmatic) constraint on productivity: adviser - advisee employer – employee trainer – trainee ?sleeper – sleepee? (although there is no structural constraint) Can you think of semantic or pragmatic situations for the productive formation & use of the words below: EXERCISE: sleepee, escapee, escaper

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Which of the following seems to be the most productive in word formation? -er -less -ly -ness -ish -logy -thon -licious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 What words might you form using the root “crab” and the following? -er -less -ly -ness -ish -logy -thon -licious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 What words might you form using the root “crab” and the following? crab-er crab-less crab-ly crab-ness crab-ish crab-o-logy crab-a-thon crab-a-licious

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2 Word-forms & word-formation Inflection & derivation Derivation by affixation conversion (zero suffix) suffixation Compounding & shortening compound combining form blend shortening: initialism (alphabetism, acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis Productivity & possible words Blocking & constraints