1. How new words are structured

2. How new words are structured
Loanwords and metaphorical extension
New words can be borrowed from existing word stock by semantic shifts, which create a new unit of meaning within the word reference.
The shifts in meaning are often metaphoric.

3. How new words are structured
Loanwords and metaphorical extension
Word origins can reveal the significant underlying powers in a culture.
Some linguists have raised concerns about new technology leading to a cultural imperialism which privileges English and especially American English over other languages.

4. How new words are structured
Word formation or MORPHOLOGY
There are a number of common processes for word formation and their classification system is commonly based on four factors:
whether the word has an etymon (word element) based on earlier words
whether the word omits any part of an etymon
whether a word combines two etyma
whether any of the etyma are from another language

5. How new words are structured
Word formation or MORPHOLOGY
The result is six groupings:
composites
shifts
shortenings
loans
blends
coinage

6. How new words are structured
Schema for word formation types
Composites
Words made from combinations of words or parts of other words:
. compounding
. combining of words
. affixation
combining of words and parts of words
Shifts
Shifts of meaning:
. amelioration
. pejoration
. widening
. narrowing
Shifts of word class or ‘functional shift’:
. noun to verb
. noun to adjective
Shortenings
Parts of the word left out for economy:
. clippings
. acronyms
. initialisms
. backformation
Loans
Words ‘borrowed’ from other languages
May not follow the usual patterns of sound and spelling in the borrower language
Blends
Combine
. Shortening and compounding
Coinages
No links with previous words

7. How new words are structured
Affixation or Derivation
A word is joined by a morpheme, which alters its sense.
This morpheme can be a prefix or a suffix:
un-, mis-, re-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism, -ness, etc.
Ex.: unhappy, misunderstanding, reset, joyful, careless, boyish, terrorism.
> disrespectful or foolishness >Megadrive.

8. How new words are structured
Compounding
It refers to the process where two words are placed to make a compound word:
ex: bookcase, textbook, wastebasket, handbook
Combination of words
It refers to the process where two or more words, or free morphemes, are placed to make a compound word:
ex: hard disk drive, cordless mouse.

9. How new words are structured
Functional shift or Conversion
Functional shift, or grammatical conversion, occurs when a word changes its word class.
Ex: butter> to butter
vacation> to vacation
to guess> a guess
to spy> a spy
to print out > a printout
dirty, empty > to dirty, to empty

10. How new words are structured
Backformation
Backformation is where a word loses part of itself to create a related word in a different word class.
ex.:
Word processor (noun) > word process (verb)‏
worker (noun) > work (verb)‏

11. How new words are structured
Acronomy
It takes the first letter of each word in a compound word and use these to make a word.
It is governed by the phonological rules of a language
It can be spoken as a word: NATO, PIN, FAQ

12. How new words are structured
Initialism
It takes the first letter of each word in a compound word and use these to make a word.
It is sounded as the letters in sequence and is usually written with full stops between letters: W.W.W., IRC, BBC.
Both initialisms and acronyms are associated with formal technological processes and jargon.

13. How new words are structured
Clipping
Clipping refers to the way in which words are clipped down to shortened forms.
ex.: gasoline>gas, advertisement>ad
This is a very common process partly because the original technology words are very long.
Ex: Floppy portable magnetic disk > floppy disk >FLOPPY or DISK

14. How new words are structured
Blending
Blends are words which combine morphemes from two words and imply a blend of meanings of those two words.
ex.: smoke+fog> smog; motor+hotel>motel; English+Spanish> Spanglish
Netiquette = (inter)Net + (et)iquette