1. languagelanguage sentencesentence clauseclause phrasephrase wordword Word morphemeWord morpheme 3.1 Introduction A. Discovery procedure B. Syntactic category and grammatical units The child found the knife. A policeman found the knife. The man who just left here found the knife. He found the knife. C. Hierarchy

2. Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology: the study of the internal structure of the words and the rules for word-formation Morphology: the study of the internal structure of the words and the rules for word-formation unfriendly → unhappily; unkindly; unlonely unfriendly → unhappily; unkindly; unlonely purify → simplify; falsify; amplify purify → simplify; falsify; amplify Morpheme : a minimal unit of lexical or grammatical meaning Morpheme : a minimal unit of lexical or grammatical meaning tourists tourists talks; talker; talked; talking talks; talker; talked; talking free morpheme: friend tour talk free morpheme: friend tour talk Morpheme Morpheme bound morpheme: -ly un- ist -s bound morpheme: -ly un- ist -s

3. Chapter 3 Morphology Free Morpheme : monomorphemic vs polymorphemic Free Morpheme : monomorphemic vs polymorphemic Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk internationalism talk internationalism Stem: the element involved in a word without the bound morpheme Stem: the element involved in a word without the bound morpheme friends friendships friends friendships a stem may be: a stem may be: a simple stem consisting of one morpheme: works a simple stem consisting of one morpheme: works a root plus a derivational affix: workers a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: work\shops two or more roots: work\shops lexical(open) morphemes: book, love, happy lexical(open) morphemes: book, love, happy Free morpheme Free morpheme functional(close) morphemes: but, when, the functional(close) morphemes: but, when, the

4. Chapter 3 Morphology Bound Morpheme : prefix, infix, suffix Bound Morpheme : prefix, infix, suffix derivational: -er; -ness; -ly derivational: -er; -ness; -ly Bound Morpheme: Bound Morpheme: inflectional: - ’ s; -s; -ed; -ing; -er; -est inflectional: - ’ s; -s; -ed; -ing; -er; -estmeaningaffix Word class derivationalLexical cite → citation Prefix/suffixDepart;teacherMight/not Smallness; brotherhood inflectionalGrammatical walk → walks Suffixesdrums Not change flowers

5. Chapter 3 Morphology Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. {-s}(plurality) {-s}(plurality) [-t][-d][-id] [-t][-d][-id] {-ed} {-ed} -d; -ed -d; -ed Allomorphs are complementary Allomorphs are complementary Orthograph ic form Phonologic al form meaningmeanings[-z] mapMaps[-s] WatchWatches[-iz] MouseMice[-ai-] FootFeet[-i:-] deerdeerØ

6. Chapter 3 Morphology Types of Word Formation: Types of Word Formation: compounding compounding 1.noun compounds: armchair; pickpocket; bluebird 2. verb compounds: manhandle; sleepwalk; dry-clean 3. adjective compounds: color-blind; stir-crazy; dark-blue Features: Features: Orthographical: armchair; follow-up; thunder bird Syntactical: icy-cold; head-strong; greenhouse; crackdown; facelift Semantical: blackleg; red coat; hotdog Phonetical: running dog; swimming 'fish≠ 'swimming pool Grammatical/morphological : cut-throat; book-learned; newborn fine arts finer arts conveyor belts fine arts finer arts conveyor belts

7. Morphology Derivation: free morpheme+bound morpheme unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless Affixes can be described by function or meaning childhood; childlike; childless; childish The derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful Computer words: -ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware Cyber-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash Techno-: Technobabble, technostress, technophobia

8. Chapter 3 Morphology Conversion: He ’ s papering the bedroom walls Conversion: He ’ s papering the bedroom walls n → v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mail v → n: doubt; attempt; a must adj → v: dry; free; better; down adj → n: native; short Backformation: edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite Backformation: edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite T é l é vision(French) → televise Clipping: fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; bike; taxi; lunch; gym; telecom; flu Clipping: fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; bike; taxi; lunch; gym; telecom; flu Blending: motel=motor+hotel; smog=smoke+fog; medicare; anecdotage; hi-tech; euroasia Blending: motel=motor+hotel; smog=smoke+fog; medicare; anecdotage; hi-tech; euroasia Acronym: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome Acronym: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Initialism: CPU: central processing unit; ID: identification card; UNESCO Initialism: CPU: central processing unit; ID: identification card; UNESCO Derivation: antislavery; devitalize; disambiguate; nonassertative Derivation: antislavery; devitalize; disambiguate; nonassertative Neologism: xerox; moonwalker; moonship; software; hardware; courseware; cybershopping Neologism: xerox; moonwalker; moonship; software; hardware; courseware; cybershopping Borrowing: chauffeur; enterprise; black humor; paper tiger Borrowing: chauffeur; enterprise; black humor; paper tiger

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