Biology – Study of Life Characteristics of All Living Things. 1. Cellular Organization 2. Reproduction5. Heredity 3. Metabolism6. Responsiveness 4. Homeostasis7. Growth & Reproduction

Homeostasis Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions

Animals get their energy from Sunlight

Flow of energy Energy flows from sunlight or inorganic substances to autotrophs then to heterotrophs.

Hypothesis – A statement that can be tested by observation or experimentation. Experiment- planned procedure to test a hypothesis

Carbohydrates – organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Key source of energy found in fruits, vegetables and grains.

Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes. Important in the structure and functioning of cell membranes.

Proteins – Made of of amino acids. Found in meat. Many functions. Enzymes promote chemical reactions. Collagen found in skin, ligaments, tendons and bones. Structural proteins found in hair, muscles and help blood clot. Antibody proteins help defend against infection. Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

Nucleic Acids DNA – Stores hereditary information RNA – plays key role in the manufacture of proteins ATP – Energy storing molecule.

What element is found in all living things? Carbon

What is the function of DNA? Stores hereditary information

No nucleus Lack membrane bound organelles. Circular DNA Cell wall surrounds membrane Bacteria Nucleus containing linear DNA. Membrane bound organelles. Larger in size Animals, plants, fungi & protists

Organelle Structure that carries out a specific activity in the cell

Cell membranes are selectively permeable. They enclose the cell and separate the cell interior from the exterior.

What is the function of the mitochondria? Gives the cell energy

What is diffusion? The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy

Osmosis – The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive Transport –does not require energy. Diffusion – The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Humans have 23 pairs (46 total) of chromosomes that contain thousands of genes.

Karyotype A photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows chromosomes arranged by size, shape and genetic content

Phases of the cell cycle. G 1 - Most of the cell’s growth takes place. S phase - chromosome replication takes place. G 2 - preparation for cell division. Mitosis – Nucleus division takes place. Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis Nucleus is divided in two

The Cell Cycle -Interphase G 1, S, G 2, period between cell divisions. Cell growth occurs, DNA is copied, and cell prepares for mitosis

What is the purpose of checkpoints? Allows the cell to be prepared for the next phase or correct itself before moving on

Molecule Two or more atoms share electrons

pHH 2 O  H + + OH - Acid – form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. pH < 7 Base – Form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. pH > 7 Neutral – pH 7

If the concentration of water molecules is greater on the outside of a cell, the water will diffuse into the cell.

What is the nickname for ATP? ENERGY!!!

In humans, the genotype XX results in a female.

Deletion is a type of mutation that occurs when A piece of a chromosome breaks off completely.

What step occurs after mitosis? Cytokinesis

In plant cells, what forms during cytokinesis? Cell plate

Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. All Cells come from existing cells. Common Features of Cells Cell membraneCytoplasm DNARibosomes Cytoskeleton