1. Advanced Biology Midterm Review Holt Biology Chapters 1-6
Ch 1 Biology and You.
Ch 2 Chemistry of Life
Ch 3 Cell Structure
Ch 4 Cells and Their Environment
Ch 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Ch 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction

2. Ch 1 Biology and You.
Key Terms
Section 1 - Biology, Cell, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Gene, Heredity, Mutation, Evolution, Species, Natural selection, Ecology,
Section 2 – Genome, HIV, Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Gene Therapy
Section 3- Observation, hypothesis, prediction, pH, experiment, Control Group, independent variable, dependent variable, theory

3. Characteristics of All Living Things.
Biology – Study of Life
All living things are made of cells.
Cell are the smallest unit capable of life.
Characteristics of All Living Things.
1. Cellular Organization
2. Reproduction 5. Heredity
3. Metabolism 6. Responsiveness
4. Homeostasis 7. Growth & Reproduction

4. Steps of the Scientific Method
Collect Observation
Ask Questions
Formulate Hypothesis and Make Predictions
Experiment to confirm predictions - Collect and Analyze Data
Draw Conclusion and publish results.

5. Hypothesis – A statement that can be tested by observation or experimentation. Theory – A set of hypothesis that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists.
Experimental Group – The group in the experiment that receives some type of treatment.
Control Group – The group in the experiment that receives no treatment.
Independent variable- The factor that is changed in the experiment
Dependent variable – The variable that is measured in the experiment.

6. Ch 2 Chemistry of Life
Key terms
Section 1 – Atom, Element, Compound, Molecule, Ion
Section 2 – Cohesion, Adhesion, Solution, Acid, Base
Section 3 Carbohydrate, Monosaccharide, Lipid, Protein, Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, Nucleotide, DNA, RNA, ATP
Section 4 – Energy, Activation energy, Enzyme, Substrate, Active site

7. Atom – Smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down.
Proton – Positive charge within nucleus
Neutron – no charge within nucleus
Electron – Negative charge – outside of nucleus.

8. Element- pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
Compound – a substance made of atoms of two or more elements
Molecule – Two or more atoms covalently bonded.
Covalent Bond – Sharing of electrons.
Hydrogen Bond – Electrostatic attraction between water molecules.
Ionic bond- An electrostatic attraction between molecules who have gained or lost electrons.

9. Water Properties
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary action
Surface Tension

10. pH H2O  H+ + OH-
Acid – form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. pH < 7
Base – Form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. pH > 7
Neutral – pH 7

11. Carbohydrates – organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Key source of energy found in fruits, vegetables and grains.

12. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes
Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes. Important in the structure and functioning of cell membranes.

13. Proteins – Made of of amino acids. Found in meat. Many functions.
Enzymes promote chemical reactions.
Collagen found in skin, ligaments, tendons and bones.
Structural proteins found in hair, muscles and help blood clot.
Antibody proteins help defend against infection.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

14. Nucleic Acids
DNA – Stores hereditary information
RNA – plays key role in the manufacture of proteins
ATP – Energy storing molecule.

15. Energy – ability to change matter.
Activation energy – the energy needed to start a reaction.

16. Enzymes lower activation energy.

17. Ch 3 Cell Structure
Key Terms
Section 1 – Light microscope, electron microscope, magnification, resolution, scanning tunneling microscope.
Section 2 – Cell theory, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosome, prokaryotic, cell wall, flagellum, eukaryote, nucleus, organelle, cilium, phospholipids, lipid bilayer.
Section 3 – Endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion, chloroplast, central vacuole.

19. Ocular lens x objective lens = total magnification
Magnification – making image appear larger
Resolution – clarity of image

20. Cell Size – small cells function more efficiently than large cells
Cell Size – small cells function more efficiently than large cells. Cells need large surface to volume ratio.

21. Common Features of Cells
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
All Cells come from existing cells.
Common Features of Cells
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
DNA Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

22. No nucleus
Lack membrane bound organelles.
Circular DNA
Cell wall surrounds membrane
Nucleus containing DNA.
Membrane bound organelles.

23. Animal Cell

24. Plant Cell

25. Cell membranes are selectively permeable.

27. Ch 4 Cells and Their Environment
Key Terms
Section 1 – Passive transport, concentration gradient, equilibrium, diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, ion channel, carrier protein, facilitated diffusion.
Section 2- Active transport, sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, receptor protein, second messenger.

28. Passive Transport –does not require energy.
Diffusion – The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

29. Osmosis – The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

31. Diffusion through ion channels is passive transport
Diffusion through ion channels is passive transport. It does not require energy.

32. Facilitated Diffusion is passive transport
Facilitated Diffusion is passive transport. It requires carrier proteins but it does not require energy. Why?

33. Active Transport
The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient.
The energy needed for active transport is supplied directly or indirectly by ATP.

34. Active Transport
An important carrier protein used to move substances against the concentration gradient.

36. Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

39. Ch 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Key Terms
Section 1- Photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, cellular respiration.
Section 2 – Pigment, chlorophyll, carotenoid, thylakoid, electron transport chain, NADPH, carbon dioxide fixation, Calvin cycle.
Section 3- Aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, NADH, Krebs cycle, FADH2, fermentation.

40. Flow of energy
Energy flows from sunlight or inorganic substances to autotrophs then to heterotrophs.

43. Photosynthesis

44. Sunlight contains a mixture of wavelengths of visible light.
Chlorophylls absorb mostly violet, blue, and red light, while carotenoids absorb mostly blue and green light.

45. Pigment molecules are embedded in thylakoid membranes

47. The electron transport chain converts light energy into chemical energy.

48. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in two stages.

49. Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration.
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that breaks down one six carbon glucose to two three carbon pyruvate ions.
Glycolysis uses two ATP molecules but produces four for a net gain of two ATP molecules.

50. When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion and Acetyl-CoA is formed and carbon dioxide is released.

51. After the Krebs cycle, NADH and FADH2 contain energy that was previously stored in glucose and pyruvate. These electrons pass through the Electron Transport Chain in the inner membranes of the mitochondria.

52. Most ATP is produced during aerobic respiration.
When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

53. Ch 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
Key Terms
Section 1 – Gamete, binary fission, gene, chromosome, chromatid, centromere, homologous chromosome, diploid, haploid, zygote, autosome, sex chromosome, karyotype.
Section 2 – Cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, cancer.
Section 3 - Spindle

54. Prokaryotic Cells Cell division is simple.
A single cell doubles in size and then separates into two daughter cells
Binary fission

55. Eukaryotic Cell Cell division more complex.
Process of cell division called mitosis.

56. Chromosomes contain genetic information
Chromosomes contain genetic information. After replication become visible by condensing.
Chromatids - one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during mitosis.
Centromere - the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

57. Chromatin - DNA and associated proteins observed when the nucleus in not dividing.

58. Phases of the cell cycle.
G 1 - Most of the cell’s growth takes place.
S phase - chromosome replication takes place.
G 2 - preparation for cell division.
M phase (mitosis) - Cell division takes place.

59. Cancer cells lose the normal ability to regulate the cell cycle.

60. The Cell Cycle -Interphase
G 1, S, G 2, period between cell divisions.
The long strands of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes unfold and are difficult to see.
Chromosomes active directing cell growth & development.

62. Mitosis - Prophase Longest phase- 50% of mitosis.
Chromosomes appear as a result of condensing and coiling of chromatin.
Chromosomes consist of 2 identical strands attached at the centromere.

63. Prophase
In animal cells two centrioles (b.) separate and move to opposite sides of the nucleus
Spindle fibers (c.) - network of microtubules begin to form.
Nucleus begins to disappear.

64. Metaphase Shortest phase of mitosis - lasts only a few minutes.
Chromosomes complete attachment to spindle fibers
Chromosomes line up across the middle of cell

65. Anaphase Centromeres split, allowing sister chromatids to separate.
Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
Anaphase is complete when chromosomes have stopped moving.

66. Telophase Microtubules of the spindle begin to break apart
Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
Nuclear membrane forms

67. Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm into 2 individual cells
Animal cells - pinching
Plant cells - plate forms.