1. Honors Study Guide For Life’s Structure and Function and Final Exam

2. 1. Active Transport
Requires Energy to move nutrients through the cell; LOW to HIGH concentrations

3. the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Requires no energy (passive transport)
Substances move with the concentration gradient

4. the diffusion of water (across a membrane)
Requires no energy (passive transport)

5. 4. Facilitated Diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein

6. Lysosome Nucleus Cytoplasm Rough ER Ribosomes Vacuole Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane
SKIP
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Nuclear Membrane
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Golgi Bodies
Mitochondria

7. 6. Cell membrane: Protective layer around the cell; regulates what goes in and out the cell (food, water, and waste)
7. Cytoplasm: The gelatin like substance found inside the cell; where the organelles are located
8. Golgi bodies: Stacked flattened membranes; Packages materials and moves them to the outside of the cell (like a postal office)
9. Ribosomes: manufacturer of proteins; not membrane bound; some float freely in the cytoplasm; some are attached to the ER; Made in the nucleolus

8. 10. Nucleus: Job is to direct all the cell’s activities; surrounded by nuclear membrane; contains instructions for everything the cell does 11. Mitochondria: It releases energy that is needed by the cell for food; powerhouse of the cell 12. Lysosomes: contains digestive chemicals that break down food molecules, cell wastes, and worn out cell parts; Recycling Organelle 13. ER: A series of folded membrane in which materials can be processed and moved around the cell

9. 14. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cells
Found in 1 celled organisms (ex – bacteria)
Much larger and more complex than prokaryotic
Much smaller than eukaryotic
Examples- protists, fungi, plants, and animals
No nucleus
Yes Nucleus
No membrane bound structures
Yes Membrane bound structures (ex- mitochondria, Golgi bodies)

10. Plant Cell Animal Cell - chloroplasts - Large vacuole DNA - Creates food by nucleus smaller vacuole photosynthesis eukaryotic variety of shapes mitochondria and sizes - cell wall made of Golgi bodies cellulose cytoplasm ER

12. Types of Compounds
Elements it Contains
Examples
Functions
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Glucose, cellulose, and starch
provides energy to cells, short term energy storage, forms plants structures
Lipids
carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen
Cholesterol, fats, oils, waxes, Phospholipids
Stores large amount of energy long term, form boundaries around cells
Proteins
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur
Enzymes, skin, and hair
Regulates cell processes and build cell structures
Nucleic Acids
phosphorus
DNA, RNA
Carry hereditary info, used to make proteins

13. 18. What is the most important compound and why?
Water! Living things are composed of more than 50% water and depend on water to survive. All chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions, and most organisms use water to transport materials through their bodies.

14. 19. Enzymes
A type of protein that regulates nearly all chemical reactions

15. 20. Homeostasis
Ability of an organism to keep proper internal conditions no matter what external stimuli are occurring.

18. Genetics vocab:
23. Heredity: the passing of traits from parent to offspring 24. Alleles: the different forms of a trait that a gene may have 25. Genetics: the study of how traits are inherited through the interaction of alleles 26. Hybrid: An offspring that was given different genetic info (different alleles)for a trait from each parent 27. Purebred: An organism that always produces the same traits generation after generation

19. 28. Dominant Allele: describes a trait that covers over (dominates) another form of that trait; represented by a CAPITAL letter in Punnett Squares
29. Recessive Allele: describes a trait that is covered over (dominated) by another form of that trait and seems to disappear; represented by a lower case letter in Punnett Squares
30. Genotype: genetic makeup of an organism (Uses letters to represent codes)
31. Phenotype: the way an organism looks and behaves as a result of its genotype (physical characteristic)
32. Homozygous: An organism with two alleles that are the same (example: rr, RR)
33. Heterozygous: An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (example: Rr, Hh)

20. 34. Cell Theory
a. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. b. The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. c. All cells come from cells.

21. Organized Grow and Develop Reproduce Take In and Use Energy
Ability to make more of their kind
NOT necessary for survival of organism
NECESSARY for survival of species
Take In and Use Energy
Organized
Made of cells
Orderly structure
Hereditary material (DNA)
Instructions
Comes directly or indirectly from the sun
Traits of All Living Things (organisms)
Growth: due to an increase in # or size of cells
Development: changes that take place
Stimulus: causes a change
Response: reaction to stimulus, often a movement
Homeostasis: same conditions inside no matter what’s outside (ex: body temp)
Grow and Develop
Respond & Maintain Homeostasis

22. Cell to Organism
Cell Tissue Organs Organ System Organism