The Origins of Sociology August Comte ( )  Considered the Founder of Modern Sociology  Coined the phrase: Sociology (1838)  Described Sociology as having three stages:  Theological  Metaphysical  Scientific

The Origins of Sociology August Comte ( )  Favored positivism — a way of understanding based on science  Strongly influenced the academic discipline of Sociology in the United States

The Origins of Sociology August Comte ( ) The term sociology comes from: Latin – socius (friend or associate) Greek – logos (word) “words about human associations”

The Origins of Sociology Karl Marx ( )  Saw striking inequalities in the new industrial society.  Known for Marxist Sociology and the Social- Conflict Approach

The Origins of Sociology GENDER & RACE: Marginal Voices Harriet Martineau ( ) Jane Addams ( ) W.E.B. Du Bois ( )

3 Perspectives of Sociology

The Structural–Functional Paradigm The structural-functional paradigm sees society as a complex system whose parts work together. It asserts that our lives are guided by social structures. Herbert SpencerRobert MertonEmile Durkheim

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order –Focuses on the social order -Sees social change as harmful. -Inspired by sociologists Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim. –Focuses on the social order -Sees social change as harmful. -Inspired by sociologists Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim.

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order -Each part of society performs certain functions for the society as a whole, and the parts are interdependent -GREEF Model Government Religion Education Economy Family/Friends -Each part of society performs certain functions for the society as a whole, and the parts are interdependent -GREEF Model Government Religion Education Economy Family/Friends

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order - What holds society together is social consensus – most members of society agree on what would be good for everybody and then cooperate to achieve it. -Social consensus can be either in the form of mechanical or organic solidarity. - What holds society together is social consensus – most members of society agree on what would be good for everybody and then cooperate to achieve it. -Social consensus can be either in the form of mechanical or organic solidarity.

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order -Mechanical Solidarity: a type of social cohesion that develops when people do similar work and have similar beliefs and values. -This exists in relatively small-scale, traditional societies. (Ex: small farming community) -Mechanical Solidarity: a type of social cohesion that develops when people do similar work and have similar beliefs and values. -This exists in relatively small-scale, traditional societies. (Ex: small farming community)

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order -Organic Solidarity: a type of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society perform a wide variety of specialized jobs and therefore have to depend on one another. -This is characteristic in complex, industrialized societies. (Ex: U.S. society) -Organic Solidarity: a type of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society perform a wide variety of specialized jobs and therefore have to depend on one another. -This is characteristic in complex, industrialized societies. (Ex: U.S. society)

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order - European sociologists used functionalism to explain society as a whole – to clarify how order and stability were maintained. -American sociologists have been more interested in discovering the functions of specific types of human behavior. - European sociologists used functionalism to explain society as a whole – to clarify how order and stability were maintained. -American sociologists have been more interested in discovering the functions of specific types of human behavior.

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order -Sociologist Robert Merton classified functions of society into two types: Manifest and Latent -Manifest Functions – are intended and obvious. Example: go to college to get an education. -Latent Functions – are unintended and often unrecognized. Example: go to college and find a wife. -Sociologist Robert Merton classified functions of society into two types: Manifest and Latent -Manifest Functions – are intended and obvious. Example: go to college to get an education. -Latent Functions – are unintended and often unrecognized. Example: go to college and find a wife.

Functionalist: Focus on Social Order Criticisms: -The functionalist perspective by itself can’t lead to a complete picture of social events. -It has also been criticized for focusing on the positive functions of social events, and ignoring the negative. -The application of functionalism to analyze society has been criticized for being inherently conservative. Criticisms: -The functionalist perspective by itself can’t lead to a complete picture of social events. -It has also been criticized for focusing on the positive functions of social events, and ignoring the negative. -The application of functionalism to analyze society has been criticized for being inherently conservative.

The Social–Conflict Paradigm Karl MarxW.E.B. Du Bois The social-conflict paradigm sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Critical evaluation: This paradigm has developed rapidly in recent years.

Conflict: Focus on Social Conflict -Sees social change as beneficial. -Assumes that the social order is imposed by the powerful on the weak. -Sees social change as beneficial. -Assumes that the social order is imposed by the powerful on the weak.

Conflict: Focus on Social Conflict -This perspective is critical of the status quo. -It emphasizes that groups or societies have conflicting interests and values and compete with each other for scarce resources. The more powerful groups gain more than the less powerful, but the former continue to seek more wealth and power while the latter continue to struggle for scarce resources. -Because of this perpetual competition, society or the world is always changing. -This perspective is critical of the status quo. -It emphasizes that groups or societies have conflicting interests and values and compete with each other for scarce resources. The more powerful groups gain more than the less powerful, but the former continue to seek more wealth and power while the latter continue to struggle for scarce resources. -Because of this perpetual competition, society or the world is always changing.

Conflict: Focus on Social Conflict -This perspective originated with Karl Marx, and gained popularity in the U.S. during the Civil Rights Movement. (Marx saw conflict between economic groups, but today, conflict theorists define social conflict to mean conflict between any unequal groups in society.) -This perspective originated with Karl Marx, and gained popularity in the U.S. during the Civil Rights Movement. (Marx saw conflict between economic groups, but today, conflict theorists define social conflict to mean conflict between any unequal groups in society.)

Conflict: Focus on Social Conflict Criticisms: The conflict perspective has been criticized for overly stressing social conflict and other negative aspects of society while ignoring the order, stability and other positive aspects of society. Criticisms: The conflict perspective has been criticized for overly stressing social conflict and other negative aspects of society while ignoring the order, stability and other positive aspects of society.

The Symbolic–Interaction Paradigm Max WeberGeorge Herbert Mead The symbolic-interaction paradigm sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions - Looks at specific situations in everyday life and the kinds of social interactions that are taking place. -Meaning is assigned to human interaction - Looks at specific situations in everyday life and the kinds of social interactions that are taking place. -Meaning is assigned to human interaction

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions -People respond to their own interpretations of physical things -Because people constantly impose interpretations and then act accordingly, human behavior is fluid, always changing. -People respond to their own interpretations of physical things -Because people constantly impose interpretations and then act accordingly, human behavior is fluid, always changing.

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions -George Herbert Mead introduced symbolic interactionism to sociology in the 1920s -Max Weber is considered to have shaped Symbolic Interactionist persepective. -Weber argued people act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their social world. -Verstehen Method (pronounced fair- SHTAY-in) -George Herbert Mead introduced symbolic interactionism to sociology in the 1920s -Max Weber is considered to have shaped Symbolic Interactionist persepective. -Weber argued people act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their social world. -Verstehen Method (pronounced fair- SHTAY-in)

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions According to symbolic interactionism, people assign meanings to each other’s words and actions. Our response to a person’s action is therefore determined not by that person’s action in and of itself but by our subjective interpretation of that person’s action. Example: When we speak to a friend, an observer can easily give an objective report of the words we have said. But our friend’s response will depend not on the list of words we spoke but on our friend’s interpretation of the entire interaction, and our friends response is at the same time influencing what we are saying. According to symbolic interactionism, people assign meanings to each other’s words and actions. Our response to a person’s action is therefore determined not by that person’s action in and of itself but by our subjective interpretation of that person’s action. Example: When we speak to a friend, an observer can easily give an objective report of the words we have said. But our friend’s response will depend not on the list of words we spoke but on our friend’s interpretation of the entire interaction, and our friends response is at the same time influencing what we are saying.

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions How we act is constantly being altered by how we interpret other people’s actions and their reactions to our own behavior. Human behavior is thus not real in and of itself but becomes real only after it has been subjected to “reality construction,” the process by which we interpret what a given action means and respond to it in accordance with the interpretation. How we act is constantly being altered by how we interpret other people’s actions and their reactions to our own behavior. Human behavior is thus not real in and of itself but becomes real only after it has been subjected to “reality construction,” the process by which we interpret what a given action means and respond to it in accordance with the interpretation.

Symbolic Interactionist: Focus on Social Interactions The symbolic interactionist perspective is very useful for understanding why and how we interact with others, something that we do during most of our waking hours. Criticisms: But the perspective has been criticized for ignoring the larger issues of national and international order and change. It has also been faulted for ignoring the influence of larger social forces such as social institutions, groups, cultures, and societies on individual interactions. The symbolic interactionist perspective is very useful for understanding why and how we interact with others, something that we do during most of our waking hours. Criticisms: But the perspective has been criticized for ignoring the larger issues of national and international order and change. It has also been faulted for ignoring the influence of larger social forces such as social institutions, groups, cultures, and societies on individual interactions.

Multiple View - The idea that each perspective is useful because we can’t take everything into account in such a complex world. -People gain an integrated view of society by using all three perspectives together. - The idea that each perspective is useful because we can’t take everything into account in such a complex world. -People gain an integrated view of society by using all three perspectives together.