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The Self in Interpersonal Communication Self concept – how you see yourself comes from four sources Others’ images of you (looking glass self) Social comparisons Upward Downward Cultural teachings Self evaluation Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Self awareness – how well you know yourself The Johari Model emphasizes four aspects of self awareness Open – known to self and others Blind – known to others but not self Hidden – known to self but not others Unknown – no one knows Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) The Johari Model Known to self Unknown to self Unknown to others Known to others Open Self Blind Self Hidden Self Unknown Self Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Growing in self awareness Ask yourself about yourself Listen to others Actively seek information about yourself See your different selves Increase your open self Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Self Esteem – how valuable you think you are. Ways to increase self esteem Attack self destructive beliefs Seek out nourishing people Work on projects that will result in success Secure affirmation Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication Perception is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and people around us Interpersonal perception is a continuous series of processes that blend into each other We separate processes into five stages for study and analysis Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Five stages of perception Stage One: Stimulation Selective perception Selective attention Selective exposure Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Stage Two: Organization Rules Proximity Similarity Contrast Schemata (schema) Scripts Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Stage Three: Interpretation and Evaluation Combined because they are simultaneous Stage Four: Memory Stage Five: Recall Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation Impression formation processes Self-fulfilling prophecy Implicit personality theory “Halo effect” “Reverse halo effect” or “horns effect” Perceptual accentuation Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation (cont.) Primacy-recency effect Consistency Attribution of control Self-serving bias Overattribution Fundamental attribution error Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation (cont.) Ways to increase accuracy in impression formation Analyze impressions Check perceptions Reduce uncertainty Increase cultural Sensitivity Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management: Goals and Strategies Impression management – how to communicate to others the image of yourself you want them to see Self-presentation Identity-management Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Impression management strategies To be liked Immediacy – connects you to the other person Affinity seeking – techniques to get others to like you Politeness – make ourselves appear likeable Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Politeness and Face Positive face – desire to be seen favorably or positively by others Keep positive face – help someone look favorably Attack positive face – make someone look bad Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Politeness and Face Negative face – desire to be autonomous or free to act as we wish Keep negative face – ask someone nicely to do something Attack negative face – order or command someone to do something Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) To be believed Credibility strategies To excuse failure Self-handicapping strategies To secure help Self-deprecating strategies Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) To hide faults Self-monitoring strategies To be followed Influencing strategies To confirm self image Image-confirming strategies Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved