October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 3 Key Issue 4 Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six2 Internal migration for most people is less disruptive than international migration.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six3 Two main types of internal migration:  Interregional (rural to urban)  Intraregional (older cities to suburbs)

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six4 MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS OF A COUNTRY  The most famous example of large- scale internal migration is the opening of the American West.  Through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six5 Changing Center of Population The U.S. Census Bureau computes the country’s population center at the time of each census.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six6 Changing Center of Population

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six7 Center of Population Gravity The average location of everyone in the country.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six8 In 1790  The population center was in Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore Maryland.  Appalachians blocked western development.  Hostile indigenous residents retarded western settlement.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six9 By 1830  The population center was west of Moorefield, West Virginia.  Transportation improvements helped open the interior. - Canals such as the Erie Canal - Diffusion of steam powered boats

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six10 in 1880  The population center was just west of Cincinnati, Ohio.  Until the advanced settlements reached the 98 th meridian, the population center moved westward at a rate of 7 miles per year.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six11 Settlement of the Great Plains  Between 1880 and 1950, the center moved 3 miles a year.  Agricultural technology aided farmers.  The expansion of railroads encouraged western settlement.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six12 Recent Growth of the South  After constant westward movement, in the 1920s the center moved southward.  Americans migrated to the “Sunbelt” for job opportunities and environmental reasons.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six13 Sunbelt The southern and southwestern states of the United States, from the Carolinas to southern California, characterized by a warm climate and, recently, rapid population growth.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six14 Regional Imbalance  In 1920, average income of the south was 2/3 rds lower than the Northeast.  In the 1960s, the average income had risen to 1/3 rd of the Northeast.  By 2000, the average income of the South was just 10% lower.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six15 Migration Patterns  African Americans lived in the South due to forced migration.  During the 20 th century, African Americans moved north for $s.  Since the 1990s, migration of African Americans, whites, and Hispanics is about equal.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six16 In the 20 th Century Net migration between each pair of regions is now close to Zero.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six17 Changing Center of Population-

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six18 Changing Center of Population-

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six19 Migration Between Regions in Other Countries

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six20 Russia  The Soviet Union encouraged the develop of industries at the site of raw materials.  The Soviet Union encouraged voluntary migration to the north.  The Russian Government no longer dictates locations for factory.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six21 Brazil  Most Brazilians live in coastal cities.  Brasilia was built 600 miles from the Atlantic Coast to encourage interregional migration.  Brasilia’s population has grown rapidly.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six22 Indonesia  Since 1969, the government paid to move 5 million people from Java to less populated islands.  Recent movement of families have decreased; - environmental concerns - disruption of indigenous people

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six23 Europe The pattern of interregional migration throughout Western Europe is reflected in the differences in per capita income and unemployment in different regions.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six24 India  Regional governments limit the ability of people to migrate from one region to another.  Restrictions date from British colonial era.  Designed to protect ethnic identity.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six25 Migration Within One Region More people move within the same region than between regions.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six26 Migration from Rural to Urban Areas  Urbanization began in the 1800s in Europe and North America (Industrial development)  In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4 th today.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six27 Rural to Urban in Europe and North America  Urbanization began in the 1800s (Industrial development)  In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4 th today.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six28 Rural to Urban in LDCs; Africa, Asia, L.America  Skyrocketed in recent years.  Nearly 50% of population increase in urban areas.  Nearly 20 million move to cities annually.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six29 Rural to Urban in Brazil  Sao Paulo has reached 300,000 per year.  Many must live in Favelas.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six30 Favelas Squatter settlements in the urban areas of Brazil. Most lacked electricity, running water, proper sanitation, and paved streets.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six31 Favela

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six32 Favelas of Rio de Janeiro

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six33 Push/Pull of Urbanization People seek economic advancement. – Pushed from Rural – Pulled to the Cities

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six34 Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas:  In MDCS: most intraregional migration is from central cities out to the suburbs  Twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year than suburbs to central cities

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six35 Push/Pull of Suburban Areas Major reason for large-scale migration to suburbs not related to employment but to the pull of the suburban lifestyle.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six36 Suburban Lifestyle  Houses rather than apartments  Private yards where children can safely play  A garage or driveway  Schools tend to be more modern and well-equipped and safer

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six37 Suburbanization  Territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.  Farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing developments.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six38 Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural areas.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six39 Migration from Metropolitan to Non- metropolitan Areas During late 20 th century, MDCs of North America and Europe saw more people migrate to rural areas than move out of them.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six40 Counter-urbanization results from:  Rapid expansion of suburbs  Abandon hectic pace of city life for leisure of countryside  Modern technology allows us to work anyplace

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six41 Counter-urbanization in U.S.  Many migrants from urban to rural areas are retired people attracted to access to leisure activities.  Counter-urbanization has stopped in the U.S. because of poor economic conditions in some rural areas

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six42 U.S. Intra- regional migration

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six43 Future Migration Trends  Mostly unpredictable.  In Houston; Revitalization of downtown areas has increased migration of suburban to urban.

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six44 Buffalo Bayou Park

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six45 The Wortham Center

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six46 Houston Light Rail

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six47 Tranquility Park

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six48 George Brown Convention Center

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six49 Toyota Center

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six50 Minute Made Park

October 28, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six51 Reliant Stadium