Presented by: Elda Cedeño - Part 1 Luis Barrios - Part 2 Gianina Paredes - Part 3

Roman Osipovich Jakobson ( ) was a Russian thinker who became one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century by pioneering the development of structural analysis of language, poetry, and art.

Verbal Communication Part 1 Factors of Verbal Communication: CONTEXT ADDRESSER > MESSAGE > ADDRESSEE CONTACT CODE

REFERENTIAL EMOTIVE > POETIC > CONATIVE PHATIC METALINGUAL Fundamental functions of verbal communication: Verbal Communication Part 1

The referential function * The context is extremely important * Communication is very efficient Example: On a bus a ticket collector says "Your ticket, please", it would sound rather redundant to explain what ticket he is referring to: the context makes it clear.

The emotional function * The addresser-based function is called emotional or expressive. * Supplies information about the person who is sending the message Examples: Interjections: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!

The conative function * Refers to the addressee * The term "conative" originates from the Latin verb conari, "to tempt", and it means "persuasive". Examples: In the vocative, this happens because the addressee is invoked ("Listen, oh Lord!"), in the imperative because he is given an order ("Get out of my way!").

Verbal Communication Part 2 Two main aspects of sentence building from a mental point of view: Experiments carried out on subjects suffering from aphasia showed that the two cerebral hemispheres, the right one and the left one, govern two different functions. The left hemisphere presides over the paradigmatic selection of words, while the right hemisphere presides over their syntagmatic combination “All linguistic acts are based on combination and selection capabilities.”

* Selective Process (John) * Carries out combinational process (grammar rules) * Selective Process (reviews verbs and properly conjugates them “Loves” ) * Carries out a second combinational and selective process (Mary) “ John Loves Mary” Addresser that wants to express a concept

Combination :syntagmatic, horizontal and metonymic axis A word is in relation to the next one by contiguity. Example: Andrew runs the coffee company Verbal Communication Part 2

As for the selection paradigmatic, vertical and metaphorical axis a word is in relation to the others by similarity.

A metonymy is a figure of speech built on the contiguity relation between literal and figurative term. For instance, "He earns his living by the sweat of his brow" substitutes "He earns his living by the work that causes his brow to sweat". As we can see, it is a syntagmatic relation (subtraction). Metonymy

A metaphor is a simile that does not express the terms of comparison. "Golden hair" is a metaphor that originates from the implicit comparison between the color of the hair and the color of gold, a paradigmatic operation. Metaphor

3 Elements of the communication system * Message - Poetic Function * Contact - Phatic Function *Code - metalingusitic function Verbal Communication Part 3

CONTEXT ADDRESSER ---MESSAGE ----ADDRESSEE CONTACT CODE Factors of verbal communication :

Fundamental functions of the verbal communication REFERENTIAL EMOTIVE ---POETIC ---CONATIVE PHATIC METALINGUAL

Poetic Function *The poetic function projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection into the axis of combination *Poetic discourse is based on collocation, meter, paronomasia, displacement, and actual or feigned parallelism. Example: Chi mai grida in Crimea dai crinali violacei? Quale ardente chimera incrimina la pace?

The Phatic function * The main function is to mantain contact with the addresse. * In fact, the term "phatic" originates from the Greek term phatikós, which means "statement” Examples: * Hello or Can you hear me ? *"It's a nice day, isn't it?”

Before learning to speak, infants learn the phatic function: when they understand that, by pronouncing a syllable or a vowel, there's someone who responds to them, who tries to get in touch with them, by replying, by making interpretations in a loud voice, by exchanging glances (eye contact), they are induced to make certain sounds in order to establish a contact (preverbal communication). Phatic Function

The metalinguistic function When language is used to talk about language itself (code), the communication is metalinguistic. The ddressee gives or ask for information about the code. A good example would be: "What are you saying? Are you speaking in English or what?". The same occurs when language is used to explain the meaning of a word. This is called autonymy, i.e. a word that refers not to its signified but to itself, to the signifier