1. Prosody and Non- Verbal Communication

2. Prosody
Sometimes we put some spoken utterances in double quotation marks to distinguish them from the sentences.
In speech, the way we use to say something is very important to make the message clear.
It is possible to have the same spoken utterances but they are pronounced differently.

3. :For example
Has the Winston street bus come yet? Sorry, I did not understand. What did you say?
I am afraid Fred did not like the remark I made. Oh, What did you say?
Some of my partners said they would not accept these terms. And you? What did you say?
You are misquoting me. I did not say anything like that.
Oh, what did you say?

4. Here the most prominent syllable is indicated with capital letters.
WHAT did you say?
What did you SAY?
What did YOU say?
What DID you say?

5. Prosody
“It is an important carrier of meaning in spoken utterances and consists of two parts: accent and intonation”.
So, prosody is very helpful in recognizing the word
The stressed syllable is given more attention or focus
Ex. I am HUNgry, what A NICE Car?

6. Intonation
Danial Jones (1956) defined intonation as: “ the pitch of the voice with which a voiced sound is pronounced”.
Amer stated that we make intonation by producing rising or falling pitch or a combination of falling and rising. By making one syllable in a sense-group especially loud and long usually when the change of pitch occur, we endow that word with a special prominence called “accent”

7. Examples on Intonations
Statement Vs. Question
She got a dog (fall), She got a dog? (rise)
Information Vs. Repetition
When (rise), Where (rise) – repetition
When (fall), Where (fall)- asking for information has not been given.

8. Accent
Accent in English is mobile and it enables us to communicate different meanings.
We can put the emphasis in different places.
The last accent is the most prominent of all because the pitch changes on that syllable.
Ex. Ex. I am HUNgry, what A NICE Car?

9. What does your brother do?
My brother is A Teacher
Ahmed is A Teacher.
He is A Teacher
Here My brother or Ahmed is a given information while A Teacher is a new information so it is accented
My BRTHER AHMED is a teacher.

10. Non-verbal communication
“Messages expressed by non linguistic means”
“Messages transmitted by vocal means that do not involve language”.
“Oral and non oral messages expressed by other than linguistic means”.
“60 % of all communication is non verbal” (Burgoon, Buller, and Woodal, 1989)

11. Types of Non-verbal communication
Audible signs (Voice/ Paralanguage):
we can use the voice as a part of spoken utterances.
Ex. Crying, laughing, giggling, whisper… etc
It consists of vocal tone speed, pitch, volume number, and length of pauses.

12. Continue….
Those utterances that we make when we are speaking , when we make noise are not words (um, ah).
We raise and low voices, we pause and stress some words.
So, accent and intonation are very important aspects of paralanguage as they determine the way we sound to other people.

13. Gestures They are visible signs.
We use Gestures to communicate without words so they are not verbal and they are shared meaning as the audible signs.
Ex. When someone is talking on the telephone , he uses gesture to tell another person to come and sit down.
Nodding the head in response to an utterance.

15. Facial Expressions Ex. Smiling
Smiling is an important facial gesture that indicate that we pleased to see other people.

17. Clothing, hair styles, jewelry, cosmetics
Ex. In funeral, people wear black or dark colored clothes as a symbol of mourning.
The clothes we wear make a statement about ourselves interpretations by other people.

18. To conclude… Face to face communication contains:
Linguistics elements: vocal and verbal words put together to form utterances.
Vocal and non verbal prosody.
Non-linguistic elements: vocal- paralanguage “the tone of voice”
non-vocal distances maintained appearance, gestures, silence