1. Structuralism: Relations between rules and uses of language
Langue: the system, rules, or order of a language, or language in general
Parole: an utterance, sentence, or usage of language.

2. Examples The cat is on the mat.
She said she wanted to see how it would turn out.

3. Culler, “Linguistic Foundation”
There must be an underlying system of distinction and convention.
Action and speech only meaningful with respect to institutional conventions.
Structuralism depends on the analysis of the relation of speech, action to the rules or systems which make them possible.

4. Saussure
Concept = Signified : the thing, object, notion, image that language is designating.
Sound Image=Signifier : the word we use to designate the thing, object, notion or image
Sign = the result of the relation between a signified and a signifier.

5. Signifying Chain
tree
heart
love
feeling
arbor
touching

6. Signifying Chain
touch
violate
assault
hurt
wound
bleed

7. Signifying Chain
blood
red
breathe
respirate
heart

8. Synchrony and Diachrony
Subject
Verb
Object
Modifier
John
Reads
The book
quickly
Sally
Eats
The apple
eagerly
Bryce
confuses
the class
thoroughly

9. Synchrony and Diachrony
Why
Almost
Relies
Near
Scarlet
Blood
Transport So
Much
Depends On A
Red
Wheelbarrow
Most
Receives In B
heart
Toy
The Vertical Axis: Metaphorical relations; similarity; substitutive; associative
The Horizontal Axis: Metonymical relations: sequential, combinative, contiguous
Vertical movement: movement within categories, or paradigms
Horizontal movement: movement in a sequence, across categories