Making human insulin from bacteria: Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the gene for insulin a genetic scissors which cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides. Sticky ends are left over with nonpaired bases. Sticky ends can form hydrogen bonds with complementary sticky end base pairs on any other DNA molecule cut with the same enzyme

Making human insulin from bacteria: Separate insulin from the rest of the DNA by gel electrophoresis. Use Polymerization Chain Reaction to make many copies of the gene To insert the copies of the gene into the bacteria we use plasmids – circular DNA found in bacteria (not humans)

How can we use genetic engineering to get this cow to produce more milk?

Increasing milk production with rBGH  Using the same process to make insulin, use bacteria to make copies of the cow’s growth hormone.  This hormone is called rBGH (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone)  By injecting it daily into a cow, you can increase a cow’s milk production by 10-15%.

How can we use genetic engineering to clone a sheep? Cloning – using a cell (except an egg or sperm cell) from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals

Dolly – the first cloned sheep!