1. Chapter 9-1: Manipulating DNA Chapter 9.4: Genetic Engineering “Miracles of genetic engineering”

2. 1. Genetic Engineering DNA from one organism is c cc cut, s ss spliced together, and i ii inserted into bacteria, which m mm multiply the DNA to make proteins. Genetic engineering is applied to a aa agriculture, m mm medicine, and industry, and raises e ee ecological, s ss social, and e ee ethical questions. Genetic engineered soybeans Genetic engineered rice Mice with jelly fish genes glow green Dolly

3. 2. Human insulin is made by bacteria. The gene for human insulin is cut out, and the DNA from a v vv vector (a p pp plasmid) is cut out using r rr restriction enzymes. Step 1 How Genetic Engineering makes many copies of a gene Human insulin is made by bacteria

4. Step 2 Insulin gene is mixed with p pp plasmid DNA. DNA ligase glues the fragments together, forms recombinant DNA. The r rr recombinant DNA is put into bacteria.

5. The gene for insulin is c cc cloned (copied) when the bacteria reproduce. Step 3

6. Step 4 Bacteria with the insulin are isolated and screened from the rest. These bacteria multiply and make i ii insulin. Insulin is made by bacteria

7. 3. Some Essential Terms to Know… An agent used to carry genes into another cell, usually a plasmid or a virus (bacteriophage). a. V VV Vector

8. b. P PP Plasmids Circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.

9. Restriction enzymes c. Restriction enzymes Enzymes that recognize short sequences of DNA nucleotides, then cut the DNA at those sites.

10. d. R RR Recombinant DNA DNA made from two or more organisms.

11. m aking many copies of a gene, usually by dividing bacteria. e. Gene Cloning

12. 4. Gel Electrophoresis + -