Intro to Nationalism Nationalism and Unification Movements

Definitions Nationalism = pride in one’s nation Nation = a group with a common culture or language Nation-state = one nation living within defined political boundaries –What we tend to think of these as “countries” today

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna = 1815 –Re-drew many old boundaries –Restored monarchies NOTE: The two old empires, also comprised of differing NATIONS, drawn into the new German Confederation

What happened between 1815 and the present to change the map of Europe? 1815Today

Congress of Vienna Implications Not everyone was happy with the boundaries set forth by the Congress –Small revolts around continental Europe take place Attempts for Germany to unite (the Prussian and Austrian parts) Attempts for Italy to unite

Continental Europe v. G.B. Continental Europe is experiencing instability while… …Great Britain (G.B. or U.K.) is experience a time of more prosperity and democracy –They expand people’s political rights through legislative rights –They outlaw slavery

Unification of Italy Italy did not become the country (nation- state) that we now know of until the late 1800s It had existed as different city-states and papal states However, many of these city states shared a common culture and language Therefore they were consider a….. NATION …..you guessed it!! NATION

Unification of Italy

Count Camilo Benso di Cavour –The “brain” of Italian unification –Prime Minister of Sardinia –Worked to improve economy –Used money to strengthen Sardinia’s army –From , he gradually took over the northern states of Italy Northern Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi –The “sword” of Italian unification –His army was nicknamed the “Red Shirts” –Led his army to victory over French forces in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from –Gave the territory to the King of Sardinia Southern Unification

“Red Shirts” (Garibaldi in center) Southern Unification

1861 – Northern and Southern Italy are united 1866 – the northern province of Venetia is added 1870 – Papal States are the last area added to Italy Rome is made the nation’s capital Italy was unified and King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was declared king. Italian Unification

German Unification

These factors were present in the German states The reaction to prior domination was a greater sense of German identity Liberal Revolutions of 1848 –Demand for democratic rights

These factors were present in the German states External wars in the late 1800’s –Seven Weeks War with Austria (1866) –Franco-Prussian War with France (1870)

Prussia was the largest of the German states

The leader of Prussia was Kaiser Wilhelm (or William) I

But the real power behind unification came from Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck’s Philosophy “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions -- that was the great mistake of 1848 and but by blood and iron.”

Bismarck’s Philosophy Against the liberal revolutions and democratic ideals Realpolitik - “realistic politics” based on a country’s interests, not on individual rights

Bismarck’s Philosophy Built up the military (militarism) Provoked war to get German states to unify

Thanks to Bismarck, war, diplomacy, and nationalism Germany became a unified state in 1871.