2. Failure or Success

4.  Lack of voting rights by middle class, urban workers, rural farmers/peasants  Nationalism (especially in German states, Austrian Empire, and Italian states)  Liberalism – desire to bring about political and social reform

5.  France – Revolution begins here and spreads to other European nations, desire for constitutional government  Hungary – Desire for independence from Austria  Prussia – Desire for constitutional reform and a unified German nation  Sardinia/Rome – Desire for constitutional reform and a unified Italian nation

7.  Based on the previous map, what areas were not effected by Revolutions in the early 1800s? Why do you think these areas did not have the same problems with uprisings and revolutions? Explain.

8.  Great Britain – Political reform came through legislative means in 1832 (voting rights extended to middle and working classes), ability of Parliament to respond to demands of the people  Russia – Serfdom kept peasants under tight control, Czar’s secret police intimidated liberals and prevented them from organizing

9.  Liberal groups could not agree on goals/demands  Liberal groups were not united in opposition to conservative forces  Conservatives much more organized and able to respond quickly to uprisings  Conservatives controlled the armies in the nations under revolt  No liberal governments were able to hold onto power

10. In Italy and Germany

12. ITALIAN STATES - 1850

13. Count di Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia Decides to unify Italy with France’s help and create a constitutional monarchy modeled on Great Britain Makes alliances with both France and Great Britain I am Count Cavour! I think I’ll make friends with France and Britain!

14.  Why did Cavour of Sardinia want/need alliances with Great Britain and France? (Hint: Think about Sardinia’s goals and what would be needed to achieve them.)

15. Cavour meets with France’s leader, Napoleon III Gets Napoleon to agree to support Sardinia if Austria attacks Sardinia 1859 - Cavour provokes Austria to attack France goes to war with Austria I am Napoleon III! I look like my famous uncle, non? Go France!!

17. Cavour supports Guiseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts Garibaldi was a mercenary who fought in Latin American Revolutions and learned guerilla warfare tactics 1860 - Garibaldi invades southern Italy People of S. Italy support him Garibaldi unites southern Italy with northern Italy Cavour invades some of the Papal States

18.  Why was Garibaldi willing to unite Italy and give up his control over Southern Italy to Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II?

20. Cavour not satisfied with France’s help (does not give Italy all they wanted after defeat of Austria) Makes friends with Prussia 1866 - Prussia attacks Austria, so Cavour sides with Prussia Unification almost complete!!!

22. Franco-Prussian War begins in 1870 Cavour sides with Prussia Uses this war to invade remaining Papal States and Rome Rome Italians Unite!

24. Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia Decides that Prussia must lead the unification of the German states Austria though stands in the way due to leadership in the German Confederation I don’t like democracy! Things only get done with BLOOD and IRON, not debates and votes!

25.  What do you think Bismarck meant when he said, “achieving goals through blood and iron?” Why is this not surprising coming from a Prussian leader?

26. Bismarck follows three guiding principles 1) Realpolitik  Do everything/anything necessary to gain power. No room for idealism (e.g. democracy) 2) Nationalism 3) Militarism  Use of war to achieve national goals

27. War with Denmark + War with Austria + War with France = Unification of Germany

28. War with Denmark - 1864 Prussia allies with Austria to regain German territory Also to show Prussian army’s strength

29. War with Austria - 1866 Allies with Italy against Austria Austria forced out of German Confederation

30. War with France (Franco- Prussian War) – 1870 Bismarck uses EMS TELEGRAM to provoke France into declaring war on Prussia Appeals to the nationalism of southern German states to unite with Prussia to defeat France Unification is complete!!!! Vive la France! My country is ze best! Schweinhund! Germany will win, mein Gott! I will march into Paris in 6 weeks. And I will poke out your eyes with my hat!