2. The Unifications of GERMANY and ITALY NATIONALISM

3. What is NATIONALISM?  Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation of people  It is a sense of national identity exalting one nation above all others  It can be defined as pride in one’s nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country

4. WHAT FORMS A NATION? THESE SIX THINGS ARE WHAT GIVE A GROUP OF PEOPLE IDENTITY AS A NATION-STATE

6. ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS While nations like Spain, Russia, France, and England were UNITED under a single government, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states (Germanic people were found in numerous small states like Prussia, Bavaria, and Hanover) GERMAN STATES ITALIAN STATES

7. “Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into three regions Parts were controlled by Austria and France Parts were controlled by the Pope Parts were independent and had their own kings

8. In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)

9. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI  Mazzini was a radical who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 with the goal of unifying Italy He led a revolution in 1848, which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not totally unified) Mazzini was overthrown and seen as TOO radical and extreme

10. COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR In 1849, the king of Sardinia named Cavour his Prime Minister Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry and reducing the Pope’s influence

11. COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR He wanted to unify all Italian states, but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement

12. Cavour fought wars locally and against Austria (who had claimed parts of Italy) to unite the Northern Italian states under the kingdom of Sardinia

13. GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI Meanwhile, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution in Southern Italy in an effort to unite the southern states

14. Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Mazzini’s “Young Italy” and helped in the Latin American independence movements GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

15. GARIBALDI: AN ITALIAN HERO “Let him who loves his country… follow me.” Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his forces the “Redshirts” He wanted a unified Italy under a republic style of government

16. ITALY IS UNIFIED Garibaldi successfully led the unification of Southern Italy, while Cavour saw to the unification of Northern Italy; now the goal was to link the two parts together

17. Cavour was unhappy with Garibaldi possibly replacing him as the “unifier of Italy” Cavour does not want a republic; he wants Sardinia’s king in charge of a united Italy

18. Cavour, an experienced politician, convinced the patriotic Garibaldi to give up his southern conquests to Sardinia’s king in the interest of the common good ↕ By 1871, Italy’s Northern and Southern halves are unified and a new country under a constitutional monarchy emerges: ITALY

20. GERMANY Germany was the last European country to unify all of its parts into a single nation There had been attempts to unify in the past centuries, but they met with failure

21. GERMANY At one point, Germany had been divided into nearly 200 independent states (all run by various kings and princes who had their little pieces of territory) At the time of the Congress of Vienna, 39 Germanic states were loosely associated (called the German Confederation)

22. PRUSSIA Prussia was the most powerful and influential of the 39 German states Austria was the only other German-speaking nation that rivaled Prussia’s power

23. PRUSSIA Prussia had a great deal of military and industrial power Prussia badly wanted to unify the 39 states into a new nation, Germany

24. “Prussia was not a country with an army, but an army with a country.” PRUSSIA

25. OTTO VON BISMARCK Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German states under the leadership of Prussia He led a conservative political party called the Junkers (wealthy landowners)

26. OTTO VON BISMARCK  Otto was an advocate of realpolitik: “politics of reality” where there is no room for idealism  Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve Prussia’s political goals

27. “BLOOD AND IRON”  In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known: “Germany will not be united through speeches and diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”

28. “BLOOD AND IRON” The “blood” Bismarck was speaking of referred to people of German blood uniting together and the “iron” referred to the power of Prussia’s industry and military

29. To unite the German states, Bismarck started wars with Denmark, Austria, and France

30. Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united northern Germany under Prussia’s control) The Franco-Prussian War against France convinces the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than unification with France

31. PRUSSIA IS VICTORIOUS

32. GERMANY IS UNITED By rallying the German people together in these wars, Prussia gains support from all German states for unification under one government

33. In 1871, Wilhelm I (the First) becomes Kaiser (emperor) of the united Germany

34. Otto von Bismarck becomes the Chancellor of Germany

35. Each German state has a local ruler and army and handles its own domestic affairs, but…the Kaiser heads the German national government

36. THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS The balance of power in Europe is disturbed by the sudden emergence of Germany as a military and industrial powerhouse Germany wants what many European countries already have: a rich and powerful empire This competition will eventually lead to the bloodiest, most destructive wars in human history