Chapter 26 Review and Discussion

What is this cartoon saying?

Why Were They Successful? Europeans had Europeans had strong economies strong economies well-organized governments well-organized governments powerful armies and navies powerful armies and navies Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge. Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.

Social Darwinism “survival of the fittest” “survival of the fittest” Social Darwinists believed Social Darwinists believed Europeans were the fittest people and had obligation to spread western culture, politics and their religion Europeans were the fittest people and had obligation to spread western culture, politics and their religion

Imperialism The Causes: The Causes: 1. Industrial Revolution 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Social Darwinism 2. Social Darwinism 3. Missionary Zeal 3. Missionary Zeal 4. Ethnocentrism 4. Ethnocentrism 5. Nationalism 5. Nationalism 6.Naval Refueling Bases 6.Naval Refueling Bases

African Resistance The Zulus in southern Africa Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Ethiopia King Menelik II modernized his country. preserve its independence.

What was the nature of European contact with North Africa between 1800 and 1870? Egypt Egypt Napoleon’s occupation caused Napoleon’s occupation caused Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. Algeria Algeria was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848.

Reaction to the end of the Slave trade British and the Americans British and the Americans were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the importation of slaves were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the importation of slaves Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade Spanish and Portugal Spanish and Portugal continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. Africa Africa Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in West Africans West Africans substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory. substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory.

Eastern slave trade Eastern slave trade Eastern slave trade Slavery still profitable in Africa and strengthened African states. Slavery still profitable in Africa and strengthened African states. African slaves were sold through the well- established North African and Middle Eastern trade African slaves were sold through the well- established North African and Middle Eastern trade Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations.

Britain’s “sphere of influence” “Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Imperialism in India to 1858

British East India Company Control trade and government Control trade and government by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. Sepoys Sepoys Controlled India’s foreign trade using an army of sepoys (Indians trained by the British soldiers) Controlled India’s foreign trade using an army of sepoys (Indians trained by the British soldiers) Transformed the economy Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural production and decreasing industrial output: silk, cotton, sugar by exporting agricultural production and decreasing industrial output: silk, cotton, sugar Social changes Social changes supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power. supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power.

The Sepoy Rebellion Causes The British East India Company: required sepoys to serve anywhere, including overseas, which violated Hindu religious law Ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law Effects Led to a massacre of the British The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians British Empire steps in to control situation and set up colonial government 1858 British Empire steps in to control situation and set up colonial government

Method Used to Put Down Sepoy Rebellion Medals Awarded British Soldiers

Indian Bodies Left to Rot The British Buried

British Colonial Rule Positives: Positives: The British government invested heavily in public projects The British government invested heavily in public projects Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the economy boomed. Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the economy boomed.

Negative Impact of British Rule Destroyed ancient traditions Destroyed ancient traditions The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators) controlled government administration and the judiciary. The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators) controlled government administration and the judiciary. Little chance for social mobility Little chance for social mobility

Indian Nationalism In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. By the Indian National Congress was seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. By the Indian National Congress was seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. Resented by the Muslim and peasant groups Resented by the Muslim and peasant groups It becomes very effective when Mohandas Gandhi becomes is leader in It becomes very effective when Mohandas Gandhi becomes is leader in 1921.

Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other overseas empire? Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand intended as areas of European settlement. intended as areas of European settlement. resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers.

Britain’s labor shortage Need for labor Need for labor Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Indentured servants Indentured servants Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven years Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven years They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social status They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social status Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been rescued from slave ships Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been rescued from slave ships Most indentured laborers came from India Most indentured laborers came from India Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the development of larger and faster ships. Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the development of larger and faster ships.