Introduction to Plants Chapter 23 Introduction to Plants Section 1: Adaptations of Plants Section 2: Kinds of Plants Section 3: Plants in Our Lives 1

Adaptations of Plants Objectives: Section 1 Adaptations of Plants Objectives: Summarize how plants are adapted to living on land. Distinguish nonvascular plants from vascular plants. Relate the success of plants on land to seeds and flowers. Describe the basic structure of a vascular plant sporophyte. 2

Adaptations of Plants Establishment of Plants on Land Section 1 Adaptations of Plants Establishment of Plants on Land Absorbing Nutrients To survive on land, plants evolved the ability to absorb mineral nutrients from the soil. Preventing Water Loss To survive on land, plants evolved a waxy outer covering called a cuticle, and stomata for gas exchange, to prevent their bodies from drying out. Reproducing on Land To survive on land, plants use pollen to reproduce without water and transmit male gametes. 3

Adaptations of Plants Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers Section 1 Adaptations of Plants Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers Advantages of Conducting Tissue Vascular plants have a system of well-developed tissues that transport water within a plant. Advantages of Seeds Seeds protect and nourish a plant’s embryo, disperse the offspring, and delay the growth of the embryo until conditions are favorable. Advantages of Flowers Flowers make reproduction more efficient by promoting pollination. 4

Adaptations of Plants Plant Life Cycles Section 1 Adaptations of Plants Plant Life Cycles The Vascular-Plant Sporophyte The sporophytes of vascular plants have a vascular system. Their bodies consist of an aboveground shoot and an underground root. 5

Kinds of Plants Objectives: Section 2 Kinds of Plants Objectives: Describe the key features of the four major groups of plants. Classify plants into one of the 12 phyla of living plants. 6

Kinds of Plants Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Kinds of Plants Nonvascular Plants Key Features of Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants are small and lack vascular tissue. Kinds of Nonvascular Plants. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are nonvascular plants. 7

Kinds of Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Section 2 Kinds of Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Key Features of Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless vascular plants produce spores with thickened walls that prevent them from drying out. Kinds of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns are seedless vascular plants. 8

Kinds of Plants Gymnosperms Section 2 Kinds of Plants Gymnosperms Key Features of Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are seed plants that produce cones. Kinds of Gymnosperms Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes are gymnosperms. 9

Kinds of Plants Angiosperms Section 2 Kinds of Plants Angiosperms Key Features of Angiosperms Angiosperms are seed plants that produce flowers and fruits. Kinds of Angiosperms The angiosperms are classified as either monocots or dicots. Examples of monocots include Iridaceae (irises), Liliaceae(lilies) and Poaceae (grass). Examples of dicots include Asteraceae (composite), Brassicaceae (mustard), Fabaceae (legume), Rosaceae (rose), and Solanaceae (nightshade). 10

Plants in our Lives Objectives: Section 3 Plants in our Lives Objectives: Identify foods that come from plants and their dietary importance. Describe several ways that wood is used. Explain how plants are used to treat human ailments. Identify plants that are used to make paper and cloth. 11

Plants in our Lives Plants as Food Section 3 Plants in our Lives Plants as Food Fruits and Vegetables All types of plant parts—roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds—provide food for humans. Root Crops Root crops, such as potatoes, grow underground. Legumes Legumes, such as peas, produce protein-rich seeds in long pods. 12

Plants in our Lives Cereals Section 3 Plants in our Lives Cereals Wheat For more than one-third of the world’s population, wheat is the primary source of food. Corn Corn is the most widely cultivated crop in the United States. Rice For more than half of the people in the world, rice is the main part of every meal. 13

Plants in our Lives Nonfood Uses of Plants Section 3 Plants in our Lives Nonfood Uses of Plants Wood Wood is a source of wood pulp used for making paper, lumber used for building materials, and fuel. Medicines Many important medicines are currently made from plants or were originally derived from plants. Fibers Plant fibers are used to make paper, cloth, and rope. The most important sources of plant fibers are wood and cotton. 14