1. Ch 23: Introduction to Plants

2. Chapter Outline 23.1 – Adaptations of plants 23.2 – Kinds of plants We will be talking about plants for the next several chapters We will be talking about plants for the next several chapters

3. Enduring understandings Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

4. Essential Questions How and why do different structures found in very different organisms (such as plants and animals) perform similar functions? What types of evolutionary adaptations, found in different divisions of life, have increased efficiency and survival of organisms? What role does the Priory garden play in educating students, supporting food systems, & increasing sustainability on campus?

5. Did you know? CA has 2 official state trees Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervivens) Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 1937, redwood was chosen. 1951, the CA Attorney General decided that both redwood tree species would represent the state. Name: Coast Redwood Giant Sequoia Height: tallest tree 328 ft 310 ft Age: 2,200 yrs 3,200 yrs Range: Coast range from BC to Monterey Sierra Nevada Range

6. Review What are plants? Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Cell walls = cellulose

7. Where did plants evolve from? 1 2 3 4

8. 23.1 Adaptations of Plants Algae live in water. Plants live on land What do plants need to be able to do? Prevent water loss – evolved a waxy outer covering called a cuticle, to prevent their bodies from drying out. Absorb nutrients – evolved the ability to absorb mineral nutrients from the soil. Reproduce on land – use pollen to reproduce without water and transmit male gametes.

9. Vascular Tissue, Seeds, & Flowers What are the advantages of these? Vascular tissue – Transport material throughout plant. Seeds – Protect & nourish a plant’s embryo, disperse offspring, & delay growth of embryo until conditions are favorable. Flowers – Promoting pollination, making reproduction more efficient.

10. A life cycle includes all of the stages of an organism's growth and development A plant's life cycle involves two alternating multicellular stages Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (n) gametophyte stage - called Alternation of Generations Plant Life Cycle

11. Alternation of generations diploid multicellular sporophyte (2n) haploid multicellular gametophyte (n) gametes (n) mitosis fertilization mitosis meiosis spores (n) zygote (2n)

12. Gametes are produced by mitosis from the haploid multicellular stage (gametophyte) Spores are produced by meiosis from the diploid multicellular stage (sporophyte) These spores are RELEASED by most Seedless plants, but are RETAINED by Seed plants

13. In nonvascular plants (mosses), the Gametophyte stage (n) is dominant Moss

14. Fern Gymnosperm Angiosperm In vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, & angiosperms), the Sporophyte stage (2n) is dominant

15. Kinds of plants – 4 main groups! 7:30 min

16. What did you learn? Digital Scavenger Hunt

17. 23.2 Kinds of Plants Nonvascular Plants Key Features: Lack vascular tissue Small (rely on diffusion) Gametophytes dominate Produce spores Flagellated sperm Require water for sexual reproduction Kinds: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

18. Moss Liverwort Hornwort

19. 23.2 Kinds of Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Key Features: Have vascular tissue Grow larger (don’t rely on diffusion) Sporophytes dominate Produce spores Flagellated sperm Require water for sexual reproduction Kinds: Ferns, club mosses, horsetails

20. Fern Club moss Horsetail

21. 23.2 Kinds of Plants Gymnosperms (=naked seed) Key Features: Have vascular tissue Grow larger (don’t rely on diffusion) Sporophytes dominate Pollen (transported by wind) Cones (male and female) Seeds Lack Fruit Kinds: Conifers, cycads, ginkos, gnetophytes

22. Conifer Ginko GnetophyteCycad

23. 23.2 Kinds of Plants Angiosperm (=case seed) Key Features: Have vascular tissue Grow larger (don’t rely on diffusion) Sporophytes dominate Pollen (transported by wind or animals) Flowers Seeds Fruit (aid in dispersal)

24. Angiosperms (=case seed) Kinds: MONOcots (1-cotyledon) OR DIcots (2-cotyledons) Cotyledon - Structure in the embryo of a seed plant that may form a ‘leaf’ after germination & is known as a seed leaf. Number of cotyledons is important character in classification.

25. Angiosperms Kinds: MONOcots OR DIcots Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Veins usually parallel Veins usually netlike Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

26. Angiosperms Kinds: MONOcots Flower organs in multiples of 3Veins usually parallel

27. Angiosperms Kinds: DIcots Flower organs in multiples of 4 OR 5 Veins usually netlike

28. Cotyledon - Structure in the embryo of a seed plant that may form a ‘leaf’ after germination & is known as a seed leaf. Number of cotyledons is important character in classification. What is a cot (cotyledon)?

29. Ex of monocots: tulips, irises, lilies, wheat, corn, grass, rice

30. Ex of dicots: daisies, broccoli, beans, peas, roses, apples, peaches, potatoes, tomatoes

32. Unusual plant species 6 min

33. Rafflesia, the stinking corpse lily, is the world's largest flower Up to 1 meter in diameter Found in Southeast Asia Parasitic – it drains nourishment and gains physical support from its host vine - the Tetrastigma vine.

34. Mini quiz What structure made it possible for plants to prevent water loss and spread to land? What structure made it possible for plants to prevent water loss and spread to land? CUTICLE CUTICLE Plant life cycles include a diploid individual that is called a _______? Plant life cycles include a diploid individual that is called a _______? SPOROPHYTE SPOROPHYTE

35. Meiosis in plants produces specialized haploid cells called _____________. SPORES

36. Seeds helped plants adapt to life on land by A. Providing nourishment for embryos B. Protecting embryos from air pollution C. Sprouting during unfavorable weather D. Limiting the dispersal of plant offspring

37. What is the primary role of flowers? TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS

38. Which of the following is NOT a seedless vascular plant? A. Horsetail B. Gymnosperm C. Fern D. Club moss

39. Ferns reproduce by A. Spores B. Cones C. Flowers D. Seeds

40. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vascular plants? A. Xylem & phloem B. Stems & leaves C. A dominant gametophyte D. A dominant sporophyte

41. Unlike angiosperms, gymnosperms A. H ave pollen B. D o not have seeds C. H ave a diploid sporophyte generation D. D o not bear fruit

42. Our state flower is the California poppy. Is this an angiosperm or gymnosperm?

43. What did you learn? Digital Scavenger Hunt

44. Review