Entering the World Stage America Becomes an Imperialist Power
What is Imperialism?
Reasons for imperialism: Industrial Revolution – New markets for goods – Raw materials for manufacturing – Naval refueling stations
US Foreign Investment
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History:
Reasons for imperialism: (con’t) Power & prestige – Nationalism
Reasons for imperialism: (con’t) Ideology – Social Darwinism – Missionaries
American Missionaries in China
Imperialist nations: Great Britain France United States Belgium Germany Japan
Alaska
“Seward’s Folly” 1867 Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”
Hawaii
1778—James Cook explored HA
Hawaii American Missionaries Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
Hawaii Ideal for fueling station & for trade Sugar cane plantations
Hawaii King Kalakaua—negotiates treaty w/ US to import sugar Queen Liliuakalani—overthrown by sugar planters Sanford Dole—becomes president of HA 1898—HA becomes US territory
US view of Hawaii
Hawaiian annexation
China
Europe—carves out spheres of influence Open Door Policy—proposed by John Hay
China Boxer Rebellion
Japan
Began the 1800s isolated & unindustrialized Matthew Perry opened trade w/ Japan Japan industrializes & begins trading
Gentlemen’s Agreement US & Japan agree to end Japanese immigration to US CA ends segregation of Japanese schools children
Treaty of Portsmouth:1905 Ends Russo- Japanese War Earns Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize
Spanish American War
Causes of Span-Amer War Cubans revolt against Spain – José Marti & yellow journalism – Spanish General Valeriano Weyler De Lome letter USS Maine
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolf Hearst Image from Gen. Weyler’s “Reconcentration Camps” Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
Dupuy de Lome, Spanish Ambassador to US Criticized President McKinnley
Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!
Spanish American War Cuba – Strategy: control port city of Santiago – Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill – US Navy sinks entire Spanish fleet Philippines – Commodore Dewey Manila Bay – Emilio Aguinaldo: leads rebels against Spanish – Surrounded by Dewey & Aguinaldo, Spanish surrender
Results of the Span-Amer War Spain gives up all claims to Cuba US gains Puerto Rico & Guam Spain gives up Philippines for $20 million US seen as strong militarily & financially
The Philippines
Controversy over annexation For annexation US had duty to spread ideals & values (Christianity & Democracy) Don’t want territory to fall under another country’s control Against annexation Annexation would violated ideals of self rule & independence Might increase immigration
Philippines The U.S. annexes of the Philippines in Fighting broke out in the Philippines. Filipinos battled U.S. for 3 years. Filipino voters elected members to the lower house of their legislature. They could elect members of both houses in July 4, 1946, the US granted full independence to the Philippines.
Latin America
Cuba
McKinnley est. military gov’t. in Cuba Advances made toward eliminating yellow fever – Dr. Walter Reed, Dr. William C. Gorgas, Dr. Juan Finlay Leonard Wood—US appointed governor – New constitution – Platt Amendment
Cuba & the Platt Amendment Gives the US right to intervene in Cuban affairs Cuba has limited ability to sign treaties w/ other countries Est. military base at Guantanamo Bay Makes Cuba protectorate of US
Puerto Rico
US est. military gov’t. & governed PR as a territory Foraker Act – US appoints gov’t. & upper house of legislature 1917—grants Puerto Ricans citizenship & ability to elect both houses of legislature 1952—PR becomes a self governing commonwealth; US controls trade, immigration & military affairs
Panama
1902—US bought rights to build canal from French Pres. Roosevelt supports Panamanian rebels in fight for independence from Colombia – Treaty w/ new gov’t. gives US 10 mile wide canal zone
Panama 1904—Amer. Begins work on canal 1914—1 st ship travels through canal Poor working conditions, material shortages, malaria, yellow fever – Dr. Gorgas worked to eliminate mosquitoes
Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary
1823--Monroe Doctrine: declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European nations. 1904—US pledged to use force to prevent European countries from seizing territory or intervening
Dollar Diplomacy Taft promotes Dollar Diplomacy— promoting US economic interests in other countries & using economic power to achieve goals – US buys out Lat. Amer. loans
US investment in Latin America
Mexico
: Dictator Porfirio Díaz – Brought stability; jailed opponents – Modernization; majority live in poverty 1911: Francisco Madero – Jailed by Díaz; fled country; returned to rebellion & took presidency Emiliano Zapata (land reform) Francisco “Pancho” Villa & Pascual Orozco
Porfirio Diaz Francisco Madero
Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa
Mexico 1913: Victoriano Huerta uses army to imprison & execute Madero; becomes president – Pres. Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s gov’t.; sells arms to enemies – Huerta arrests & releases several US soldiers; Wilson demands apology; Congress authorizes use of force Battle of Veracruz
Mexico 1914: Huerta flees to Spain Venustiano Carranza becomes pres. w/ support of Pres. Wilson – Zapata & Villa are against Carranza; lead attacks on Amer. Border – Wilson sends Gen. John Pershing to Mexico to find Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Uncle Sam, “One of the Boys”?
What has the US fought for?
The Great White Fleet