CHAPTER 22 THE COLD WAR BEGINS

22.1 – ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR Yalta Conference – US, GB, and USSR met at Yalta in 1945 (Feb.) to discuss the postwar world Tensions increase between Soviet Union and Allies Topics included: Poland Germany National rights

22.1 – WHAT TO DO ABOUT POLAND? Stalin insisted that Poland’s location made it crucial to Soviet security WC and FDR agreed to recognize the Polish gov’t set up by the Soviets Stalin agreed that the new gov’t would include prewar Polish gov’t members and free elections would be held

22.1 – WHAT TO DO WITH GERMANY? Divided into 4 zones: British American French Soviet Berlin itself was also divided into 4 zones A big issue that caused problems between the USSR and the other three was reparations

POSTERS FOR 22.1 Tensions Begin (p.762) – Romania, Poland, attitudes as end of the war approached (A1, A2) Soviet Security Concerns (762) – Soviet goals, Soviet attitude about communism and capitalism (B1, B2) 3. American Economic Issues (762-763) – Connection between GD and WWII, importance of int’l trade, importance of democracy and free enterprise (C1, C2) 4. Truman Takes Control (763-764) – HT’s views on communism, cause of WW II and connection to the USSR, meeting with Molotov (D1, D2) 5. Potsdam Conference (764-765) – who?, when?, where? Deal reached? (E1, E2) 6. Iron Curtain Descends (765) – free elections in Eastern Europe?, satellite nations, WC’s speech and the origins of the term Iron Curtain, meaning of the term (F1,F2)

TRUMAN TAKES CONTROL strong anti-Communist Hated appeasement; wouldn’t appease Stalin he demanded free elections in Poland; relations with the Soviet Union turned colder as tensions increase

POTSDAM CONFERENCE July, 1945 – Truman and Stalin meet to discuss Germany Reach an agreement: Soviets take reparations from their zones, Allies allow economic recovery in theirs Soviets could buy industrial equipment from Allied zones Allies “recognize” new German-Poland borders Result of the conference increases tension, adds to the “coldness”

IRON CURTAIN As a result of Yalta and Potsdam the Soviet Union basically controlled Eastern Europe Communist countries of EE became known as “satellite nations” – why? Churchill gave a speech declaring an “iron curtain” had fallen across Eastern Europe Term is used to refer to Communist nations of EE

22.2 – EARLY COLD WAR YEARS U.S. policy was to support countries opposed to/threatened by Communism George Kennan Wrote the “Long Telegram”; emphasized Soviet insecurity and paranoia regarding capitalism Developed the policy of containment What was it? Basis of U.S. Policy throughout the Cold War

22.2 – TRUMAN DOCTRINE During 1946 the U.S. was concerned about Soviet actions and communist activities in the Middle East and SE Europe March 12, 1947 – HT asked Congress for money to fight Communism in Greece and Turkey In the speech he laid out his doctrine; the goal was to: “free all people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” --- what does this mean for U.S. policy going forward?

22.2 – MARSHALL PLAN George Marshall (Sec. of State) – proposed a plan to help struggling, postwar Europe Combined with the Truman Doctrine, it was seen as crucial to containment (why?) MP was rejected by the USSR and its satellites it pumped billions worth of aid into Western Europe US video about Truman Plan/Marshall Plan Video about aid/country

22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT Opposing Soviet and American views about Germany? 1948 – GB, US, Fr. announced they were merging their zones in Germany, and in Berlin Creation of the new country of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT cont. This decision outraged the Soviets….reparations USSR cut off all road/rail traffic to West Berlin U.S. response: Sent bombers with atomic weapons to bases in GB Supplies were flown into Berlin Airlift lasted from June 1948-Spring of 1949 Soviets lifted the blockade in May of 1949 Proved Allies would not give into communism Leads to the creation of NATO US video about BA and NATO

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created in 1949 A mutual defense alliance Soviet leaders were not happy, respond by creating the Warsaw Pact

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IRON CURTAIN

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YALTA

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MARSHALL PLAN

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POTSDAM

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NATO/WARSAW PACT

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TRUMAN DOCTRINE

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BERLIN AIRLIFT

22.2 – COMMUNISM IN CHINA U.S. sent aid to the Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) fighting the Communists (Mao Zedong) in the 1940s People’s Republic of China set up in 1949 (Mao wins) Nationalists fled to the island of Formosa/Taiwan 1950 – USSR and PROC signed a treaty of friendship and alliance

22.2 – AMERICAN POLICY IN JAPAN Gen. MacArthur was in charge of America’s “occupation” of Japan Introduce democracy Prevent Japanese threat in future Rebuild economy/nation Japan goes from being an enemy to a potential strong ally in Asia

22.2 – KOREAN WAR see graphic organizer

YALTA CONFERENCE

BERLIN AIRLIFT

CREATION OF THE PROC

DROPPING OF THE BOMBS ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

NORTH KOREAN TROOPS INVADE SOUTH KOREA

LANDING AT INCHON

ARMISTICE SIGNED ENDING THE KOERAN WAR

FORMATION OF SEATO

CURRENT ISSUES IN NORTH KOREA NK’s missile capabilities How war might unfold Propaganda in NK Who has nuclear weapons? Nuclear Weapons tests

22.3 – THE COLD WAR & AMERICAN SOCIETY Red Scare – began in the mid-1940s with the Gouzenko case Fear of the spread of communism; find them and expose them Major concerns about subversion

22.3 – TRUMAN & THE RED SCARE HT creates the Loyalty Review Program Screens all federal employees How do you define acceptable behavior? Too much power for the gov’t? (FBI) Program actually increases public fears about the spread of communism

22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS HUAC ROSENBERGS ALGER HISS

22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS Many other steps were taken by other groups/institutions to ferret out suspected communists: U. of California – loyalty oaths Church affiliation Taft Hartley Act - 1947

22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin Claimed to have a list of communists in the State Department (1950) made a career out of going after communists/suspected communists Greatly influences society, public debate (ex. McCarran Act)

22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy Becomes chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations Carried out a “witch hunt”; destroyed reputations Tactics are known as “McCarthyism” He was finally censured by the Senate in 1954; lost public support (died in 1957) Issues of free speech/association continue today (rapper/gang case)

22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES Election of 1952 – Eisenhower defeats Stevenson Why didn’t Truman run? Wanted: Technology to deliver nukes Use of covert operations (CIA) Strong economy (benefits at home and abroad) Believed Relying solely on a large military/conventional war was too expensive Containment could not be maintained through a series of small wars (too unpopular/expensive) Policy of massive retaliation was more effective – threatening the use of nuclear weapons He cut military spending by millions while simultaneously increasing the nuclear arsenal (history of nuclear testing)

22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES John Foster Dulles – key figure in foreign policy during the 1950s Believed strongly in the policy of brinkmanship – willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down (quote on p.783)

22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - KOREA Ike wanted to end the costly/unpopular war “hinted” to China use nuclear weapons to end it 1953 – armistice is signed; establishment of the DMZ

22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - TAIWAN 1954 – PROC started shelling islands part of Taiwan Ike has Congress authorize the use of force Told China the U.S. would use force (naval, nuclear) to defend Taiwan China backed down

22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - EGYPT Ike wanted to stabilize the Middle East against communism 1956 – Soviets threatened to bomb British and French that invaded Egypt Ike put U.S. forces on “nuclear alert” and pressured the British and French to leave Egypt

22.4 – COVERT OPERATIONS Ike supported the use of covert operations to prevent communist uprisings in foreign countries (nukes made no sense in these cases-why not?) CIA became involved in “developing nations” Why were they especially “vulnerable” to communism? Exs. Iran Guatemala Eastern Europe (Hungary)

22.4 – EISENHOWER DOCTRINE ED – “use of force whenever necessary to assist Middle East nations resisting Communist aggression” Prompted by events in Egypt An extension of the Truman Doctrine and containment to the Middle East

22.4 – COLD WAR HEATS UP 1957 - Sputnik – first satellite ever launched into space Caused major concerns in the U.S. 1957/1958 – Nikita Khrushchev vowed to “crush capitalism” and demanded withdrawal of Allied troops from West Berlin 1960 – U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviets Khrushchev cancelled a summit with Ike Ike left office in 1961 and warned against the influence of the “military-industrial complex”