 WWI more than a European conflict ◦ Australia and Japan fought with Allies ◦ India supplied troops to British ◦ Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria fight with Central Powers ◦ New allies and war fronts around the globe

 Allies look to attack the Dardanelles ◦ Take Ottoman capital of Constantinople ◦ Defeat Turks ◦ Establish supply line to Russia ◦ Use Danube River to attack Austria

 Efforts begin Feb ◦ Repeated attacks on Gallipoli Peninsula  British, Australians, New Zealand, French troops  Western side of Dardanelles Strait  Turkish troops defend the region ◦ May – bloody stalemate ◦ December – Allies give up ◦ 250,000 casualties

 Southwest Asia ◦ British help Arabs rise up against Turks  Lawrence of Arabia  Allies take Baghdad, Jerusalem, Damascus  Asia and Africa ◦ Germany’s colonies come under assault ◦ Japanese overrun outposts in China  Capture Pacific island colonies

 British and French recruit colonists ◦ Troops and laborers from Africa, India, Indochina

 1917 – Focus of war shifts to the high seas  Jan Germans begin unrestricted sub warfare ◦ Sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain

 May 17, 1915 – Germans sink Lusitania ◦ British ship ◦ 1,198 dead – 128 Americans ◦ Germans claim ship carrying ammunition – true ◦ American public outraged ◦ President Wilson protested to Germany ◦ 2 attacks later Germans stop attacks on neutral and passenger ships

 Purpose of German blockade ◦ Starve Britain into defeat before US could go to war  Ignore Wilson’s warning and sink 3 American ships

 Feb 1917  German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman ◦ Sends note to ambassador in Mexico ◦ Mexico would ally w/Germany ◦ Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” land lost to US ◦ British decode message and give to US

 Americans call for war ◦ Bond w/England  Shared language and ancestry  Apr. 2, 1917 – US declares war on Central Powers

 Three years of war before US enters ◦ More men killed than in 3 centuries before ◦ War claimed lives of millions  Affected everyone

 Total War ◦ Countries devote all resources to war effort  Wartime gov’ts take control ◦ Told factories what to produce and how much ◦ Every able-bodied citizen put to work ◦ Gov’ts look to foreign workers

 Rationing ◦ People could only buy small amounts of items needed for war  Gov’ts suppress anti-war activity ◦ Censor news about the war ◦ Use propaganda  One-sided information designed to persuade

 War’s Impact on Women ◦ Thousands go to work  Replace men in factories, offices, and shops

 Russia withdraws from the War ◦ March 1917  Civil unrest in Russia brings down czar’s gov’t  Nicholas abdicated throne on March 15  New gov’t vows to keep fighting  Army refuses

◦ Nov 1917 – Communist Revolution  Lenin ends involvement in war  Offers Germany truce

 March 1918 ◦ Ends war between Germany and Russia ◦ Required Russian gov’t to surrender land  Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ◦ Nations gain independence at end of war