57 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Chapter 4 Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

58 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Socialization  The Family Environment o Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structure o Positive Family Functioning o Macro Systems, Families, and the Pursuit of Social and Economic Justice o The Dynamics of Family Systems EP: a 2.1.8a 2.1.7a 2.1.8a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

59 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  The Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families o SystemsEntropy o Homeostasis Negative Entropy o SubsystemsEquifinality o BoundariesDifferentiation o Input o Output o Feedback EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

60 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  The Family Life Cycle o Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life Cycle  Stage 1: Leaving Home: Emerging Young Adults  Stage 2: Joining of Families Through Marriage/Union  Stage 3: Families with Young Children  Stage 4: Families with Adolescents  Stage 5: Launching Children and Moving on at Midlife EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.5a 2.1.7b 2.1.5a

61 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Stage 6: Families in Late Middle Age  Stage 7: Families Nearing the End of Life  Additional Issues Affecting Multiple Phases of the Family Life Cycle  Single Adults  Immigration Status EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.5a 2.1.7b 2.1.5a

62 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Learning Theory o Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory o Respondent Conditioning o Modeling o Operant Conditioning o The ABCs of Behavior EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.6b 2.1.7a 2.1.6b 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

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©2013 Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing 64

65 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement  Negative Reinforcement o Punishment o Extinction EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

©2013 Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing 66

67 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement  Quality of Positive Reinforcement  Immediacy of Positive Reinforcement  Frequency of Positive Reinforcement  Shaping Behavior EP: b 2.1.7a g 2.1.7a g 2.1.7b j 2.1.7b j

68 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Applications of Learning Theory to Practice o The Use of Positive Reinforcement o Types of Positive Reinforcers o Secondary Reinforcers  Material Reinforcers and Nonfood Consumables  Activities  Social Reinforcers  Tokens o Reinforcers Versus Rewards EP: b 2.1.7a g 2.1.7a g 2.1.7b j 2.1.7b j

69 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o The Use of Punishment  Potential Negative Consequences  The Nature of Punishment  The Effectiveness of Punishment  Suggestions for Using Punishment EP: b 2.1.7a g 2.1.7a g 2.1.7b j 2.1.7b j

70 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Additional Issues o Accidental Training o Behaviorally Specific Terminology o Measuring Improvement o The Importance of Parental Attention EP: c 2.1.7a m 2.1.7a m 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

71 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  A Specific Treatment Situation: Time- out from Reinforcement o Improving Effectiveness o Grounding EP: b 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

72 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Impacts of Common Life Events on Children o Membership in Family Systems o Cultural Context and Parenting Style o Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families: Empowerment Through Appreciation of Strengths  Hispanic Families  Native American Families  Asian American Families EP: e 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.4d 2.1.7b 2.1.4d e e

73 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o Membership in Sibling Subsystems  The Coming of a New Baby  Sibling Interaction  The Effects of Birth Order, Family Size, and Family Spacing o Gender-Role Socialization EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

74 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School o The Social Aspects of Play With Peers  Play and Interaction  Social Play  Gender Differences in Play  The Peer Group and Popularity EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

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76 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o The Influence of Television and Other Media  Bullying o The School Environment  The Teacher’s Impact  Effective School Environments  Educational Programming That Responds to Cultural Values  Race, Ethnicity, and Schools EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

77 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Child Maltreatment o Incidence of Child Maltreatment o Physical Child Abuse  Diverse Cultural Contexts: Discipline or Abuse?  Characteristics of Physically Abused Victims EP: a 2.1.7a a 2.1.7a a 2.1.7b 2.1.1e 2.1.7b 2.1.1e 2.1.4c 2.1.4d 2.1.4c 2.1.4d

78 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Characteristics of Abusers  Need for Personal Support and Nurturance  Social Isolation  Communication and Relationship Difficulties  Poor Parenting Skills  Poor General Coping Skills  Extreme External Stress and Life Crises EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

79 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o Child Neglect  Characteristics of Neglected Children  Characteristics of Neglectful Parents o Psychological Maltreatment  Characteristics of Psychologically Maltreated Children  Characteristics of Perpetrators EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

80 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o A Macro-System Response: Child Protective Services o Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Psychological Maltreatment: Social Work Role o A Macro-System Response: Involvement of the Courts EP: c 2.1.7a d 2.1.7a d 2.1.7b e 2.1.7b e h i h i j j

81 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing o Sexual Abuse  The Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse  The Internet and Sexual Abuse Predators  Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victims  Long-Term Effects of Sexual Abuse  Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual Assault EP: a 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b

82 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing  Treatment of Sexual Abuse: Social Work Role  Prevention of Sexual Abuse: The Need for a Macro-System Response  Educating Children About Sexual Abuse EP: c 2.1.7a j 2.1.7a j 2.1.7b i 2.1.7b i 2.1.8a 2.1.8a