1. Child, Family, School, and Community Socialization and Support 6th ed.
Chapter One Ecology of the Child

2. Ecology, Change, and Children
Ecology is the science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments.
In human development, it involves the consequent biological, psychological, social, and cultural processes that develop over time.

3. Socialization and Child Development
Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the
knowledge
skills
character traits
that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society.

4. Socialization is what…
every parent
every teacher
every friend
every religion
every community
DOES

5. George Mead Language separates humans from other animals
makes ideas and communication of these ideas possible
makes it possible to replace action with thoughts

6. A Unique Human Process
Internalization is the process by which externally controlled behavior shifts to
internally
self-controlled
behavior

7. A Reciprocal Dynamic Process
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood
Early Childhood
Infancy/
Toddlerhood
Birth
Death
Socialization begins and birth and continues throughout life

8. Temperament and Socialization

9. Socialization Intentional Unintentional
When adults have certain values that they consistently convey to children
Approval for compliance
Negative consequences for noncompliance
Unintentional
Without the deliberate intent to impart knowledge or values
Involves human interaction or observation of interaction

10. How children are socialized
Parents
Siblings
Grandparents
Aunts
Uncles
Cousins
Friends
Neighbors
Peers
Teachers
Coaches
Characters on television
Characters on movies
Characters in books

11. Changes
We assume childhood to be a special period of time when we are cared for, taught, and protected because we are not mature enough to do these things for ourselves
Children today must cope with a world in which both parents work, drugs are readily available, sex is as close as TV or the Internet, and violence is just “around the corner”

12. Change and Socialization
Input
Interactions in various settings and situations
Output
Values
Attitudes
Attributes
Motives
Self-esteem
Self-regulation
Morals
Gender roles

13. Examining Socialization in an Ecological Context
In Bronfenbrenner’s Theory there are four
basic structures:
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Relationships and interactions take place to form patterns that effect human development.

14. An Ecological Model of Human Development

15. Microsystem (micro meaning “small”)
The activities and relationships with
significant others experienced by children
in a particular small setting such as:
Family
School
Peer group
Community

16. The Family:
is the setting that provides nurturance, affection, and a variety of opportunities.
is the primary socializer of children in that it has the most significant impact on their development

17. The School:
is the setting in which children formally learn about their society.
is a socializer of children that teaches reading, writing, arithmetic, history, science, and so on.

18. The Peer Group:
is the setting in which children are generally unsupervised by adults and gain experience in independence.
helps children get a sense of who they are and what they can do.

19. The Community:
or neighborhood is the main microsystem in which children learn by what they are doing.
determines what real experiences children will have.

20. The Media:
Television
Movies
Videos
Books
Magazines
Music
Computers

21. Mesosystem (meso meaning “intermediate”)
Interrelationships between two or
more of a children’s microsystems:
Home and School
School and Community
Peer Group and School
Etc.

22. Exosystem (exo meaning “outside”)
Settings in which children are not active
participants, but that affect them in one
of their microsytems:
parents’ job
city council
parental social support networks
etc.

23. Macrosystem (macro meaning “large”)
The society and subculture to which
children belong, with particular
reference to:
belief systems
lifestyles (lower/middle/upper class)
patterns of social interactions
life changes
etc.

24. Ethnicity: Ethnic diversity in the United States
is an attribute of membership in a group in which members continue to identify themselves by national origin, culture, race, or religion.
Ethnic diversity in the United States
makes the understanding of the
macrosystem more important.

25. Hall’s Classification of Macrosystems
Low-Context
Rationality
Practicality
Competition
Individuality
Progress
High-Context
Intuitiveness
Emotionality
Cooperation
Group identity
Tradition

26. Interaction of Ecological Systems Over Time
The chronosystem involves temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals as they develop that produce new conditions affecting children’s development.

27. Successful Socialization of Children
The challenge in today’s society is to rear children to maintain certain:
values
morals
attitudes
behaviors
roles
while being adaptable to change, so that they become responsible, caring, competent adults.

28. Society, Change, and Consequences
With change comes consequences, some affecting many people and others affecting few.
“The future will depend on what we do in the present.”
-Mahatma Ghandi

29. Change and Societal Trends
Societal trends that impact children and
families include the following:
Biotechnology
Reconceptualization of societal and individual responsibilities
Mobile technology
Globalism/Nationalism
Information Intermediaries

30. Reconceptualization of Societal and Individual Responsibilities
The challenge is to create caring communities that teach children to: }
think
apply
analyze
synthesize
evaluate
information
NOT simply regurgitate facts

31. Change and Consequences
The following ecological trends challenge
families, schools, and communities’
commitment to children’s needs:
Family size is shrinking
Highly mobile society
mothers in the labor force
homelessness
number of children living w/both parents
children who are abused/neglected

32. Children in a Toxic Environment
James Garbarino believes that:
violence
drugs
uncaring communities
poverty
abusive families
custody battles
are poisoning children’s lives and are responsible for the less-than-optimal well-being of America’s children.

33. Parents’ Bill of Rights
Parents are entitled to:
time for their children
economic security
a profamily electoral and legal system
a supportive external environment
honor and dignity
Hewlett and West
(authors of The War Against Parents, 1998)