Chapter 18

 Revolution – Dec 2010 ◦ Rulers removed in Tunisia, Egypt, Libia & Yemen ◦ Protests: Bahrain, Syria, Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morroco & Sudan  Causes: ◦ Absolute Monarchy ◦ Political Corruption ◦ Human Rights Violations ◦ Economic Decline ◦ Unemployment  Educated but dissatisfied youth

Beliefs? Holy places? Holy writings? Symbols? Important people? Place of worship? Where is it practiced? Etc…

 Islam means “submission”  Monotheistic = 1 god ◦ “Allah”  Prophet = Muhammad  Holy book = Koran/Quran  Worship place = Mosque ◦ Imam – male prayer leader  Followers = Muslims

 Internal Struggle: ◦ live out the Muslim faith as well as possible  External Struggle: ◦ Obligation to build a good Muslim society  Holy war: ◦ Defense Islam, with force if necessary " The best Jihad is the word of Justice in front of the oppressive Sultan“ – Muhammad

 New leader called Caliph ◦ “Successor of Muhammad”  New Caliphs expanded Islamic Empire ◦ India, N. Africa, and Spain  Problems… ◦ Arguments o/ Caliph  Led to division of Islam  3 branches

1. Sunni ◦ Majority sect – 90% ◦ Believe followers of Islam chose Caliph 2. Shiite/Shiah ◦ Minority sect – 10% ◦ Believe Muhammad selected successor, his son-in- law Ali  Only descendents Ali rightful Caliphs 3. Sufi ◦ Very, very small % ◦ Believe experience god directly & live very simply