1. Chapter 11: The Islamic World
Section 2: The Spread of Islam

2. Expansion of Islam Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad
Caliph- “successor to the Prophet”
Unites Arabic tribes
Expands Islamic influence northward

3. Umar Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph
Strong leader with a well-run government
Muslim Empire includes Syria, Persia, and North Africa

5. Arab Policies Conquered with war and treaties
Did not require people to convert to Islam
Accepted Christian and Jewish teachings
Could choose to accept Islam or pay extra taxes
Some who refused to
convert were killed

6. Continued Expansion
Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North Africa
Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routes
By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Europe

7. Division in the Islamic Community
Disagreements about who should be caliph
Uthman (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successor
Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) accuses Ali of helping the killers
War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliph

8. Sunni Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph
Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet”
Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the religious matter

9. Shi ‘ah Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliph
Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly matters
The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn
The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah

12. Sufi Simple lives centered around God
Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worth
Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first female Sufi mystic
Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims today

13. Questions:
What two empires did the Muslims engulf during its expansion?
What made Islam so successful in its expansion?
Why is the Dome of the Rock significant to Muslims?
Why did Muhammad want an unmarked grave?

14. Empire Continues to Spread
Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under Tariq
Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Jabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar)
Became known as the Moors;
ruled Spain for 700 years

18. The Turks and Islam
1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in Islam
Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph
Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultan- ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliph

19. The Turks and Islam
1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Minor
Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D.
1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East