Chapter 10, Section 1 Do Now Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?

Chapter 10 Timeline  1543 – Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body  1610 – Galileo’s discoveries are published  1628 – Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood  1632 – Galileo faces the Inquisition  1637 – Descartes publishes Discourse on Method  1702 – First daily newspaper published in London  1714 – The Hanoverian dynasty is established  1721 – Robert Wadpole becomes cabinet head in Britain  1730s – Rococo style spreads  1740 – War of Austrian Succession begins  1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle  1748 – Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws  1756 – The Seven Years’ War erupts  1757 – William Pitt the Elder becomes cabinet head  1762 – Rousseau publishes The Social Contract  1762 – Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia  1763 – Voltaire writes his Treatise on Toleration  1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed  1776 – Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations  1776 – The American Revolution begins  1783 – Treaty of Paris recognizes American Independence

The Scientific Revolution Turning Points - Bill Blakemore

Impact of the Renaissance  Review: Rebirth of Antiquity  Humanists mastered Latin and Greek  Rediscovered classical works Ptolemy Archimedes Plato Aristotle  Studying led to diverse ideas

Inventions/Developments  Printing Press (Gutenberg) Literacy Spread of ideas  Accurate Measurements Weights ships could carry  Instruments Telescope Microscope  Mathematics Rediscovered ancient works Developed new theories

Astronomy  Geocentric Model Ptolemaic system (2 nd century) Earth-centered Universe – concentric spheres  Heliocentric model Copernicus’ system (16 th century) Sun-centered Universe – Elliptical orbits

Nicholas Copernicus  Polish mathematician  1543  Publication On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres  Heliocentric System Sun-centered Earth revolves and rotates

Johannes Kepler  German mathematician  Disproves Ptolemy Used detailed astronomical data  Laws of Planetary Movement Confirmed sun-centered universe Elliptical Orbits of planets

Galileo Galilei  Italian teacher of mathematics  Telescope Inventor/developer Made regular observations of the heavens  Discoveries Mountains on the moon 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean moons) Sunspots Heavenly bodies have substance  Issues with the church Threatened church’s conception (idea/portrayal) of the universe.

What did Galileo see? The 4 Galilean Satellites in a photo montage at left An amateur image of the moons below (like what Galileo would have observed)

Sir Isaac Newton  Brilliant mind United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo  Background Born: 1642 in England Cambridge University scholar Mathematics professor  Publication Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Aka Principia  Universal Law of Gravitation Explains planetary movement Motion of objects in the universe Newton - Glencoe

Medicine Developments  Antiquity Galen (100 AD) Greek physician  Andres Vesalius Dissected human bodies Description of organs Detailed account on the body  William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liver Blood cycle through veins

Chemistry  Robert Boyle Chemistry experiments Boyle’s Law ○ Property of gasses ○ Volume varies based on pressure applied  Antoine Lavoisier System for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry

Women’s Contributions  Margaret Cavendish English aristocratic family Wrote on scientific matters ○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy ○ Published under her own name  Maria Winkelmann German astronomer Discovered a comet Applied to ranking position ○ After husband’s death ○ Denied: lack of education and a woman

Philosophy and Reason  Rene Descartes French philosopher Ideology ○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere ○ “I think, therefore I am”  certain Philosophy dominated Western thought ○ Until the 20 th century  Rationalism Reason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method  Francis Bacon English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials ○ Not a scientist “The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”  Scientific Method Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Major element of modern science  Inductive reasoning Particular  General thinking

Scientific Method

Chapter 10, Section 1