1. Chapter 10 Section 1

2.  Aristotle called the shots  The Renaissance ◦ Scholars learned Latin and Greek ◦ Few began to question the old ways

3.  New problems required observation and measurement  New instruments Telescope and microscope  New advancements in Math ◦ Algebra ◦ Geometry

7.  Geocentric Theory ◦ Earth was unmoving object at center of universe ◦ Moon, sun, and planets move around earth ◦ Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars ◦ Heaven far beyond sphere

8.  Aristotle in 4 th century B.C.  Ptolemy in 2 nd century AD

9.  Christianity supported theory ◦ God created Man ◦ Man is most important creation ◦ Man is at the center ◦ To disagree is Blasphemy  Blasphemy is bad

10.  Nicolaus Copernicus ◦ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies ◦ Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun ◦ Contradicted religious views  Feared ridicule and persecution ◦ Didn’t publish findings until year before he died - 1543

12.  Johannes Kepler ◦ Laws of Planetary Motion ◦ Kepler’s First Law  Planetary orbits are elliptical  Sun at end of ellipse, not center

13.  Used telescope to observe planets  The Starry Messenger  Destroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

14.  Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas ◦ Threatened concept of the universe  Humans no longer center of universe  God no longer in specific place

15.  Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders ◦ Publicly silent but continues working  1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ◦ Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory ◦ Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

16.  1633 – reads confession ◦ Threatened w/torture ◦ Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false ◦ Lived under house arrest  Dies - 1642

17.  Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia  Laws of Motion  Universal Law of Gravitation  World-Machine concept

18. ◦ Law of Universal Gravitation  Every object in universe attracts every other object  Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them  What’s it mean?

19.  Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s ◦ Teachings dominated Middle Ages ◦ Based on animal dissection  16 th Century scientists change ideas

20.  Andreas Vesalius ◦ Dissected human corpses ◦ On the Fabric of the Human Body ◦ Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

21.  William Harvey ◦ On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America ◦ Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

22.  Robert Boyle ◦ First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry ◦ Relationship between volume and pressure of gases  Antoine Levoisier ◦ System for naming chemical elements ◦ Founder of Modern Chemistry

23.  Scholarship was considered the domain of men ◦ Women belong at home with the children

24.  Margaret Cavendish ◦ Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

25.  Women could be astronomers in Germany ◦ Worked with fathers and husbands  Maria Winkelmann ◦ Assisted her husband ◦ Discovered her own comet ◦ Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy  They felt members would be appalled

26.  Rene Descartes ◦ Inspired by Scientific Revolution  Doubt and uncertainty everywhere ◦ Doubt inspired learning ◦ Cannot doubt existence  “I think, therefore I am” ◦ Mind cannot be doubted  Body and material world can be

27.  Mind cannot be doubted ◦ Body and material world can be  Mind and matter are completely separate ◦ Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind ◦ Investigated by reason  What does this all mean? ◦ Reason is chief source of knowledge

28.  Scientists should not rely on ancient authority  Scientific Method ◦ Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

29.  Developed by Francis Bacon ◦ Believed in use of inductive reasoning  Specific to the general  Free of opinion  Start with facts and proceed to general principles  Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries  Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade