2.  Ptolemaic System (Middle Ages)  geocentric -Earth center of universe  10 Spheres- God controlled  Nicolas Copernicus  universe –heliocentric (sun centered)  Earth Rotated(axis)  Johannes Kepler  laws of planetary motion-elliptical orbits  Galileo  telescope -Planets not orbs of light-solid  Newton  Universal Law of Gravitation

3.  William Harvey & Andreas Vesalius  Dissected people  Harvey - Heart- beginning of blood circulation  Vesalius- identified organs

4.  Robert Boyle  Boyle’s law  Gas volume varies with pressure  Antoine Lavoisier  Founder of modern Chemistry  invented naming chemical elements

5. Margaret Cavendish (philosopher) humans cannot master nature through science Maria Winkelmann discovered a comet

6.  Rene Descartes  Father of Rationalism  Reason = Knowledge (ability to think & conclude)  “I think. Therefore I am.”  His existence

7.  Francis Bacon.  Scientific method- systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence.

8.  Sun-centered model of the universe  Heliocentric  He developed laws of planetary motion  Kepler  His observations suggested that planets had substance.  Galileo

9. Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was also what? Philosopher This included a systematic procedure, based on collecting and analyzing evidence, and crucial to the evolution of science. Scientific method

10.  Egg-shaped  Elliptical  Law of universal attraction  Gravity  Proceeding from the particular to the general is called what?  Inductive reasoning

11.  Rene Descartes believed in one absolute truth,  which was?  His own existence  Rationalism is the belief that reason is the chief source of what?  knowledge