4. Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution Astronomer and mathematician Proposed that Earth and other planets move around sun Through his theory of the universe, influenced other scientists of Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus

5. Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution Astronomer and mathematician Discovered that planets have elliptical orbits around sun Worked out laws governing speeds of planetary orbits Built on Copernican theory, providing basis for discoveries of future astronomers Johannes Kepler

6. Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution Astronomer and mathematician Discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on Earth’s moon Formulated law of falling bodies, revolutionizing study of motion by allowing scientists to analyze and predict movements of everything from cannonballs to planets Galileo Galilei

7. Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution Scientist and mathematician Defined three laws of motion that explain movements of all objects Formulated universal law of gravitation Provided basis for idea that universe functions like a huge machine, according to natural laws Isaac Newton

8. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation The universal law of gravitation is one of Newton’s three rules of motion. It explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because of a force called gravity. Newton defines gravity as the force of attraction between objects, with the force exerted by an object proportional to the object's mass. The law applies on Earth and everywhere else in the universe.

9. Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method Developed scientific method o Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence o Crucial to the evolution of modern science Advocated inductive reasoning o Reasoning from particulars to generalities o Begins with set of detailed facts o From them, derives general principle or explanation How did Bacon, an English philosopher, contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

10. Breakthroughs in Chemistry Conducted controlled experiments in chemistry Developed Boyle’s Law: Volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it. Robert Boyle Invented system for naming chemical elements Explained process of combustion Antoine Lavoisier

11. Women in Science Made great contributions to philosophy Wrote several works on scientific matters, including Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy Criticized idea that humans are masters of nature Margaret Cavendish Worked as an astronomer Discovered a comet Published a number of papers about her observations of the skies Maria Winkelmann