Chapter IV Science

I. Importance A. Britain has played an important part in science over the world, both in theory and practice. B. Science in Britain enriched the scientific culture of the western world.

II. Scientific Discoveries 1. 17th century A. Sir Francis Bacon: a. the first man to revolutionize scientific thought in Britain b. statesman and man of letters c. He heralded a mew age of learning. d. He wrote a lot on natural philosophy. e. He stressed for the first time the importance of institutionalizing a programme for investigating phenomena.

B. Isaac Newton: a. president of the Royal SocietyRoyal Society in London. b. He was one of the founders of modern science because of the calculus, the white light and other discoveries. c. He was one of the greatest in pure science and mathematics with the publication of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and the learning of gravity.

2. 18th century A. Thomas Newcomen: made atmospheric engines out of water from mines. B. James Watt: invented fundamental improvements to Newcomen’s engines, true steam engines. C. George Stephenson: “Rocket” is the most famous of all steam locomotives, it marked the beginning of the railway age.

D. John Dalton: English chemist and physicist, who is best known for developing an atomic theory. Every substance consists of large numbers of tiny particles called atoms, the smallest things in existence. E. Edward Jenner: discovered the vaccine for preventing smallpox

F. Sir Humphy Davy: chemist the miner’s safety lamp G. Michael Faraday: physicist and chemist He discovered electromagnetic induction, laying the foundations of the electric power industry.

3. 19th century Charles Robert Darwin: a. development of a theory of evolution, in which all living beings, including men are evolved from more primitive species instead of being created by God. He published On the Origin of Species.

b. On the Origin of Species A famous book written by Charles Robert Darwin. The book provided reasons why the old idea of the special creation of species by God was untenable and showed that all living things, including men, are similar and not had been individually created, but had evolved from more primitive species.

4. 20th century A. Sir J.J.Thomson: marked a turning point in the change from classical physics to the “new physics”, and discovered the electron. B. Lord Rutherford: discovered alpha, beta and gamma radiation and a model of an atom comprising a small positive nucleus and orbiting electrons.

C. Paul Dirac He drew a set of equations that satisfied the relative theory. D. Francis Crick: a biologist who co- discovered the structure of DNA. And he went on to crack the genetic code that translates DNA into protein.

III. Inventions in Britain The world’s first turbo-jet airliner The world’s first nuclear power station The world’s first large radio telescope The world’s first hovercraft

IV. Problems of Science in Britain – it does not apply its theoretical discoveries to practical ends 1. British achievements in scientific research have not been turned into productive forces so far as most the industries are concerned 2. Conservative attitude towards the import of advanced technology and equipment

Thank You

The Royal Society A British organization for advancement of science which was formed in London in The great scientist Isaac Newton was its president for 23 years. It is one of the most prestigious scientific bodies in the world. Robert Boyle discovered an important relationship between the pressure, temperature and the volume of gas.

the Royal Society

The Royal College of Physicians of London It was founded in 1518.It was founded in William Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. William Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. Glisson wrote many significant treatises, including an important monograph on rickets. Glisson wrote many significant treatises, including an important monograph on rickets.