Development of Greece Day 36 – Semester 1

Bellwork Make 10 sentences using the 10 most important words. epic democracy myth oligarchy monarchy philosopher polis phalanx aristocracy acropolis

Athens Built a democracy Draco – developed legal code all equal under the law Solon – outlawed debt slavery; only wealthy could hold political office; all citizens could participate in the assembly Cleisthenes – citizens could submit laws for debate and passage; created Council of Five Hundred that proposed laws and were chosen randomly; limited democracy

Athens Education Sons of wealthy families received formal education Started at seven; taught to be good citizens; studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music; also learned logic and public speaking; later attended military school

Sparta Military state Had helot , peasants who were forced to stay on the land they worked Had a Council of Elders, 30 older citizens who proposed laws; Five elected officials carried out laws; Controlled education and prosecuted court cases

Sparta Social order Daily life Ruling family Noncitizens who were free Helots, little better than slaves Daily life Discouraged individual expression (no art, literature) Valued: duty, strength, discipline Men served in army from 7 until 60 Girls received military training as well Women had freedom unlike in Athens

Classical Greece Challenge of Persia Darius, the Persian ruler, wanted revenge on Greece for the Ionian revolt that Athenians assisted in Persians landed at Marathon, Athenians defeated the Persians Pheidippides ran 26 miles to announce the victory to Athens (marathon) Xerxes, new Persian monarch, led massive invasion of Greece at the pass of Thermopylae Held off by 300 Spartans Spartans defeated eventually Used a phalanx (army formation)

Challenge of Persia (cont) Athenians abandoned Athens Persians sack and burn Athens At Salamis the Greek fleet defeats the Persians The final defeat of Persians came at Plataea, NW of Athens

Growth of Athenian Empire After Persians defeat Athens took over the Greek world Delian League: a defensive alliance against the Persians Liberated all of the Greek states from Persian control Pericles: dominate figure in Athenian politics between 461 and 429 BC Expanded empire Democracy flourished Height of power and brillance

Age of Pericles Direct democracy: people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings Every male citizen participated and voted on major issues Meetings held at the Acropolis Passed all laws, elected public officials and made final decisions on war and foreign policy Lower-class males eligible for public office and officeholders were paid

Age of Pericles (cont.) Ostracism: used to protect against overly ambitious politicians; wrote name on broken piece of pottery and if named by 6000 members than that person was banned from city for 10 years Pericles set about rebuilding after Persian destruction

The Great Peloponnesian War Athenian Empire vs Sparta Beginning of war: Athens stayed inside city walls and received supplies from colonies and navy; Spartans surrounded Athens 2nd year of war: plague broke out in Athens killed 1/3 of the people including Pericles; fighting continued 25 more years Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami on the Hellespont; Athens surrendered Power struggle between Greek city-states caused them to ignore Macedonia to the north

Daily Life in Classical Athens Adult males had political power Foreigners received the protection of the laws 100,000 slaves; most people owned at least 1 slave Athenian Economy Based on farming and trade (grapes, olive trees) Imported grain

Family and Role of Women in Athens Family an important institution Primary function of family was to produce new citizens Women could take part in religious festivals, but were excluded from all other parts of public life Women could not own property Women had to have a male guardian Women: good wife, bear children; take care of family and house; married at 14 or 15; some learned to read and write and play musical instruments; no formal education

Greek Religion Religion necessary to the well being of the state Religious temples were major buildings 12 chief gods and goddesses housed at Mount Olympus Rituals were important Festivals honored gods and goddesses Used an oracle: a sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess

Greek Drama First dramas were tragedies: presented in a trilogy around a common theme (ex. Oresteia by Aeschylus) Playwright Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex Euripides: questioned traditional values Examined problems of good and evil, rights of individuals, divine forces, nature of humans Comedy was developed to criticize politicians and intellectuals

Greek Philosophy (organized system of thought) Sophists: the human mind can not understand the universe; individuals should improve themselves; no absolute right or wrong Socrates: left no writings; education should improve the individual; Socratic method; knowledge is within the person; individuals can reason; questioned authority

Greek Philosophy (cont) Plato: student of Socrates; wrote down a great deal; “How do we know what is real?”; a higher world of unchanging Forms; “The Republic” detail his ideas on government; distrusted democracy; wanted an ideal state Ideal state: Upper class – philosopher-king Warriors to protect society Masses of people driven by desires

Greek Philosophy (cont) Aristotle: studied under Plato; examine individual objects; said three good forms of government – monarchy, aristocracy and constitutional government; favored constitutional government

Writing of History Herodotus: wrote History of the Persian Wars (1st real history) Thucydides: wrote History of Peloponnesian War; examined cause and course of war

Classical Ideals of Greek Art Expressed eternal ideas Human being as a beauty Famous temples and buildings Idealist not realistic

Homework Honors: Read 121-133 Regular: Read 134-139

Honors: Worksheet 4-3

Honors: Worksheet 4-4

Regular: Workbook page 18