 Depression  Schizophrenia  Phobia  General Anxiety Disorder  Post-traumatic stress disorder  Hoarding  Caffeine withdrawal  Internet gaming disorder To know the clinical characteristics of depression To understand how they are used in practice To evaluate the usefulness of clinical criteria

For the ‘Disorders’ section you need to know: The Clinical characteristics of 3 disorders:  Phobia  Depression  Schizophrenia Explanations for Phobia using:  Behavioural  Cognitive  Biological  Therapies for Phobia relating to each approach To know the clinical characteristics of depression To understand how they are used in practice To evaluate the usefulness of clinical criteria

 Depression is probably one of the more common and most well known disorders  Many of us will know someone who has experienced it, or even experience it ourselves at some point  There is great variation in how people experience it and this is reflected in the different classifications To know the clinical characteristics of depression To understand how they are used in practice To evaluate the usefulness of clinical criteria

 Symptoms  Duration  Media  Well known cases Anything you know jot down. To know the clinical characteristics of depression To understand how they are used in practice To evaluate the usefulness of clinical criteria

An affective mood disorder. Characterised by sadness and withdrawal. Can range from mild to very severe, and can even result in suicide. In Europe, around 5% of people are suffering from depression at any one time. Nearly everyone suffers from depression at some point in their lives, so it is very common. Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed then men. Why?

 In order for someone to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder, they must meet certain criteria  You need to know these criteria or ‘clinical characteristics’ for the exam  Your booklet outlines them in brief

 5 or more:  Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (In children and adolescents, this may be characterized as an irritable mood.)  Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day  Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. The ‘bereavement exclusion’ no longer exists in the DSM 5

 Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day  Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day  Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day  Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day  Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day  Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.  Present for: at least a 2 week period Extra reading opportunity: ‘The Book of Woe’ by Gary Greenberg.

 Decide whether or not these examples would be diagnosed as depressed  Hold up blue for diagnose, yellow for no diagnosis

 Jane is under a lot of pressure during the last week at work and is not sleeping well at all. She has no appetite and has been irritable with colleagues. Her self-esteem has really suffered.

 Joe has got very little energy even though he sleeps all the time. He finds it hard to get out of bed nearly every day. He used to love football, but now he just doesn’t really care. He is an easy going guy and quite confident in his own abilities.

 Jake is always tired thanks to sleepless nights. He has lost a lot of weight and his appetite has diminished. He used to love playing the violin, but now he feels like he’s rubbish at it. His teachers get cross as he can’t seem to pay attention during lessons.

 Grace has recently lost a loved one and is feeling very low indeed. She can’t sleep or eat, but during the day she is very fidgety and restless. Her friends have been supportive, but she is snapping a lot.

 Was that straight forward? Were there any examples you disagreed with?

 Homework  Using your booklet but ALSO the internet and/or text books  Research and summarise (APRCE) the following study: - Ohman et al (1975)