1. Adolescent Mental Health Depression Signs. Symptoms. Consequences.

2. Overview What is depression What are the influences Signs and symptoms Gender differences Why it’s not always caught Consequences

3. What do you think? Pair & Share: What is depression to you? What does it mean? What does it look like?

4. Minor Major A.Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated either by subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year. irritable B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: (1) poor appetite or overeating (2) Insomnia or Hypersomnia (3) low energy or fatigue (4) low self-esteem (5) poor concentration or difficulty making decisions (6) feelings of hopelessness InsomniaHypersomnia A.Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning;symptoms (1) depressed mood most of the day, (2) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities (3) significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (4) Insomnia or HypersomniaInsomniaHypersomnia (5) psychomotor agitation or retardation (6) fatigue or loss of energypsychomotor agitationretardation (7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (8) diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness (9) recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideationsuicidal

5. Some Statistics Increased prevalence 1991 study by Peterson, Sarigiani & Kennedy Age of onset going down Peaks between age 15 -17 Suicide stats The future?

6. Influences and risk factors (or why does this happen?) Biological explanations –Genetic –Physiological Cognitive explanations –Experiences –Learned helplessness Interpersonal influences –Early childhood –Adolescence Multiple Pathways

7. Signs and Symptoms Emotional Symptoms Cognitive Symptoms Motivational/behavioral Symptoms Physical Symptoms Think of all the changes we’ve talked about and how that might bring on depression

8. Gender Differences Boys-diagnosed more in childhood Girls-surpass boys in adolescence –Any ideas why? Boys tend to externalize Girls tend to internalize

9. Difficulty in Diagnosing Very often overlooked at this age Why missed? –Think of the stereotypical teen/the way they are described and portrayed –Storm and stress Need thorough diagnostic evaluation –Clinical interviews with adolescent –Parents, mentors, teachers, etc.

10. Treatment Medication Psychotherapy

11. Associated Conditions Anxiety Disorder Substance Abuse ADHD Conduct Disorder Adjustment Disorder

12. Consequences Violent thoughts Alcohol use Drug use Earlier sexual behavior Suicide Depression as adults

13. Suicide Increase among 15-19 year olds 3 rd leading cause of death for 10-24 year olds Signs –Social withdrawal –Giving things away –Talking about it ALWAYS TAKE IT SERIOUSLY

14. What’s a teacher to do? Know your kids Take note of changes Look for signs and symptoms Talk to them Be prepared to talk to parents and doctors