MACROMOLECULES Of LIFE You are what you eat!

Why Do We Eat?  For energy  For nutrients  For pleasure? NUTRIENTS: needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. __________________ energybuilding blocks

6 Types of Nutrients:  Carbohydrates  Fats (Lipids)  Proteins  Vitamins  Minerals  Water

WHAT DO WE EAT?. ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC a) Fill in the type of nutrient for each category. MACRONUTRIENT (need to consume ______) ORGANIC (made by living things) INORGANIC 1. MICRONUTRIENT (need to consume ______) ORGANIC 1. INORGANIC 1. carbohydrates proteins lipids (fats) water vitamins minerals lots little

CARBOHYDRATES  “CARB” is not a four-letter word!  Refers to the “sugar” family  Contain the elements C, H, & O elements  Examples: Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, etc. Starch, cellulose,etc.

Simple Carbs:  Monomer: one building block of a larger molecule Simple carbohydrates “SUGAR”  Monosaccharide (e.g. 1 glucose)  glucose, fructose (fruits)  Disaccharides  Disaccharides:  maltose (beer), sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk) = 6 carbon ring

. CARBOHYDRATES I. CARBOHYDRATES : Contain elements _____, _____, _____ Monomer = _______________ Diagram: General function: ______________ CHO glucose ring energy

. CARBOHYDRATES TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES No. of Units Diagram EXAMPLES FOOD SOURCE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONNUTRIENT TEST 1. mono- saccharide 1 1. glucose honeydirect fuel for mitochondria Benedict’s blue  orange (when heated) 2. fructose fruit 2. di- saccharide 2 1. sucrose table sugar enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides for energy none 2. lactose dairy products

Complex Carbs Polysaccharide: 3 or more sugars linked together in chains E.g. Starch & Cellulose in plants E.g. Glycogen in animals

. CARBOHYDRATES TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES No. of Units Diagram EXAMPLES FOOD SOURCE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONNUTRIENT TEST 3. poly- saccharide 1. starch grains potatoes rice 1. Digested into 1000’s of monosaccharides for energy 2. how plants store energy iodine yellow  dark blue (looks black) 2. glycogen muscle liver how animals store energy 3. cellulose cell walls (celery) - tough, insoluble - no enzyme to break it down - provides roughage to help keep you regular ’s

. CARBOHYDRATES Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________. Plants change glucose into ___________________ while animals store it as_____________________. All carbohydrates are digested into _____________________ before entering the blood stream. it is soluble & would diffuse (flow) away (out of cell) starch glycogen monosaccharides (like glucose)

Why CARBs?  CHO’s provide the body with immediate energy needs  Should be 50 – 55% of your calories  4 calories per gram of CHO  Sources: Fruits, vegetables, grains, breads, pasta, cereals, etc.

Low CARB Diets??? TheEnd!!!

PROTEIN: The building blocks of life!

PROTEIN:  Used to make and repair many of the structures of our body  Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together

. PROTEINS II. Proteins : Contain elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____) Monomer = _______________ Diagram: CHO amino acids (a.a.) N S = amino acids (aa)  20 different kinds

. PROTEINS TYPES OF PROTEINS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONEXAMPLESNUTRIENT TEST 1. structural proteins insoluble proteins which make up all body parts muscles, bone, hair, skin Biuret turqoise  violet 2. enzymessoluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body found in saliva, gastric juice 3. hormonessoluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells  regulate metabolism testosterone estrogen insulin adrenalin

. PROTEINS All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream. Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20 different aa’s essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s complete proteins incomplete proteins amino acids Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food Your body can make these contain all 8 essential a.a.’s don’t contain all 8 essential a.a.’s ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans 812

Amino Acids:  All AA’s have the same general structure, but one portion of the molecule varies (“R group”)

PROTEIN:  Should be 15 – 20 % of our calories.  Sources: Meat, fish, cheese, eggs, beans, etc.

PROTEIN… Can There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?  Recommended intake is around 1 g per kg of body weight (more for children and extreme athletes)  Most North Americans take in around twice the RDA!

FATS (LIPIDS)  You are what you eat???

FATS  Fats are a necessary evil… they are a tremendous source of energy!  9 calories per gram  Should be 30% of calories  4 “fat-soluble” vitamins (D, E, A, K)

FATS  Are made up of chains of C & H called fatty acids  Triglyceride: a glycerol molecule linking 3 fatty acids

. LIPIDS (FATS) III. LIPIDS (FATS) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____ Monomers = _______________ & ___________________ General functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates 2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out 3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs 4. storage: long term energy storage 5. cell membrane: major component 6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins Diagram: CHO glycerol 3 fatty acids

Types of Fat  Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature found in butter, meat, etc. (animal fats) all carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen

Types of Fat  Unsaturated fats: Liquid at room temperature, usually called oils Plant Fats: canola oil, olive oil, corn oil, etc. Fatty acids contain double bonds (missing H’s)

. LIPIDS III. LIPIDS (FATS) : TYPES OF LIPIDSCHARACTERISTICSEXAMPLESDANGERSNUTRIENT TEST 1. SATURATED solid at room temperature animal fat i.e. bacon, butter cholesterol arteriosclerosis (arteries harden) atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged Trans- luscent stain test 2. UNSATURATED liquid at room temperature plant fat i.e. olive oil obesity heart attack All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body. glycerol & 3 fatty acids

FATTY ISSUES!  High fat = high calorie!  High fat = increase health problems (diabetes, CHD, stroke, etc.)

The End!!!

Homework  Page 35 # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b)

. MONOMERS = 6 glycerol = fatty acid (FA) = amino acids (aa)  20 different kinds b) Use the simplified images of the monomers shown below to draw a sketch of each of the following tables. MONOMER: