Chapter 44

Participles -verbal adjectives Nunc conspicit poetam versus recitantem. Now she catches sight of a poet reciting verses. Itaque coquus vocatus ab omnibus laudatus est. Therefore the cook, having been summoned, was praised by all.

Present active – stem of the verb (2 nd pp -re) + -ns, -nt- + 3 rd adjective endings a. translates while ______ing or _________ing singular plural masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter nom: gen: dat: acc: abl:

Perfect Passive – 4 th principal part + 1 st -2 nd adjective endings a. translates _________ed or having been _______ed singular plural masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter nom: gen: dat: acc: abl:

Perfect Passive Participles II Modifying the subject of the sentence: Coquus vocatus ab omnibus laudatus est. The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone. After being summoned, the cook was praised by everyone. The cook was summoned and praised by everyone.

Modifying the direct object or indirect object of the sentence: Coquum vocatum omnes laudaverunt. They all praised the cook having been summoned. They all praised the cook who had been summoned. When the cook had been summoned, they all praised him.

Coquo vocato omnes gratias egerunt. They all gave thanks to the cook having been summoned. They all gave thanks to the cook who had been summoned. When the cook had been summoned, they all gave thanks to him.

Activity 1 – Identify the case of participles, tell what they modify and translate. 1.Amici Titum conspectum salutaverunt. case:modify: 2.Titus rogatus quid in senatu ageretur, “Nil magni,” respondit. case:modify:

3.Vestimenta exuta Marcus servo tradidit. case:modify: 4.Strigilibus defricti tepidarium ingressi sunt. case:modify:

5.Pueri vestimenta exuta servis tradunt. case:modify: 6.Dominus irā commotus furi capto appropinquavit. case:modify:

7.Dominus a fure capto vestimenta surrepta eripuit. case:modify: 8.Dominus in fronte furis capti litteras FUR inussit. case;modify:

9.Pueri verba Eucleidis audientes maxime gaudebant. case:modify: 10.Servo vestimenta custodienti nomen erat Asellus. case:modify:

Ablative Absolutes English has many contractions and abbreviations to help speed up our conversations and writing. Latin has these too. Latin has abbreviated clauses called _____________________ __________________. ablative absolutes

An ablative absolute is a sort of _____________ ________________ which condenses a clause like “After the food had been prepared... “ to just two Latin words: cibo parato. grammatical short hand

An ablative absolute must consist of at least ________ ____________, one of which must be a ______________ or_________________; the other usually is a ___________________. Both of these words must be in the __________________ _____________. There is no Latin conjunction used to introduce an absolute construction. twowords noun pronoun participle ablativecase

Bello perfecto, erat pax per mundum. After the war was ended, there was peace throughout the world. Matre spectante, puer ad ludum ambulavit. While his mother was watching, the boy walked to school. Pace facta, populus erat non laetus. Although peace had been made, the people were not happy.

Ablative absolutes are frequently longer than a simple _________ ________________ ________________. The participles often have an _____________________, are modified by________________, or have ____________ ______________connected with them. twoword clause object adverbsprepositional phrases

When these situations occur, the subject and the participle will be in the ________________ ___________. All other words in the absolute construction follow the regular rules of grammar that they would in a normal clause. ablative case

Observe how a simple absolute clause can be expanded. Bello perfecto, erat pax. After the war ended, there was peace. Bello longo perfecto, erat pax. After the long war was ended, there was peace.

Bello longo in Galliā perfecto, erat pax. After the long war in Gaul was ended, there was peace. Bello longo cum servis in Galliā subito perfecto, erat pax. After the long war with the slaves in Gaul was suddenly ended, there was peace.

To translate an ablative absolute into good English first you must be able to recognize an ablative absolute in the sentence. You generally looking for a ____________ ______________ ______________ in the _____________ and _____________________. The absolute construction usually is seen at the beginning of a sentence, but it can be placed anywhere in the sentence. noun participle combinationablative set off by commas

Secondly, you must know where an absolute construction __________ and __________. Generally, an ablative absolute begins with the ___________ _________ ____________ and ends with an ____________ _____________ all words in between are part of the __________ ___________. beginsends ablativenounsubject ablativeparticiple ablative clause

In drafting a good translation of the absolute, first translate it using the basic translation of the participle. Then after you have translated the main clause, come back to the absolute and choose an appropriate conjunction for the type of clause it appears to be: when, after or while, since or because, although or if. With a single isolated sentence, more than one conjunction may seem to work. Pick the one that makes the most sense.

Pace facta, Augustus omnem mundum multos annos regebat. a. identify the entire absolute: pace facta b. translate the absolute literally: peace having been made c. translate the main clause: Augustus ruled the whole world for many years. d. select an appropriate conjunction: after seems most reasonable e. retranslate the absolute using the conjunction and replacing the participle with a verb: After peace had been made, Augustus ruled the whole world for many years.

Activity 2 - Translate the following sentences with ablative absolutes. 1.Verbis Eucleidis auditis, pueri maxime gaudebant. absolute clause: translate the absolute literally: translate the main clause: select an appropriate conjunction: retranslate the absolute:

2.Pueris in apodyterium ingredientibus, fur se subito celavit. 3.Vestimentis exutis, pueri in tepidarirum intraverunt. 4.Pueris in tepidarium intrantibus, fur vestimenta surripuit.

5.Pueris in ludo clamantibus, magister iratus fit. (fit - fio, fieri) 6.Vestmentis a fure traditis, pueri domum ierunt. 7.Ludo relicto, pueri ad thermas ierunt.

8.Tito salutato, pueri in apodyterium inierunt. 9.Vestimentis Asello traditis, in palaestram inierunt. 10.Ludis in palaestrā confectis, in tepidarium intraverunt.

Linking qui Quibus verbis auditis... When they heard these words... Cui Asellus respondit...