1. Cambridge Unit 1 Grammar
MARshlatin.wordpress.com

2. GRAMMAR: Latin NOUNS and VERBS
o Every Latin noun belongs to a DECLENSION. (group of nouns with similar endings)
o Every Latin noun has a GENDER. (masculine, feminine, neuter)
o Every Latin noun has a NUMBER. (singular, plural)
o Every Latin noun has a CASE. (use in the sentence)

3. What is the use of the NOMINATIVE CASE?
A. SUBJECTS
B. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE or PREDICATE ADJECTIVE

4. What is the use of the GENITIVE CASE?
A. POSSESSION / “OF” PHRASES

5. What is the use of the DATIVE CASE?
A. INDIRECT OBJECTS
B. OBJECTS OF CERTAIN VERBS – respondere, favere, credere, appropinquare, confidere, persuadeo, obstare

6. What is the use of the ACCUSATIVE CASE?
DIRECT OBJECTS
OBJECT OF (NON-SIDSPACE) PREPOSITIONS

7. What is the use of the ABLATIVE CASE?
OBJECTS OF SIDSPACE PREPOSITIONS

8. How do you determine the DECLENSION, GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE of a Latin noun?
BY ITS ENDINGS

9. Latin Noun Declensions and Case Endings

10. 1ST DECLENSION Sample nouns – Metella, ancilla, taberna
MASCULINE nouns – agricola, nauta, scriba, poeta, athleta
Case Singular Plural
Nominative (Sub) A AE
Dative (IO) AE IS
Accusative (DO) AM AS

11. 2ND DECLENSION Sample nouns – Caecilius, servus, amicus
OTHER MASCULINE nouns – puer, vir, magister
Case Singular Plural
Nominative (SUB) US I
Dative (IO) O IS
Accusative (DO) UM OS

12. 3RD DECLENSION Sample nouns – mercator, leo, senex, canis
Case Singular Plural
Nominative (SUB) VARIOUS ES
Dative (IO) I IBUS
Accusative (DO) EM ES

13. Latin Verbs

14. CONJUGATIONS (group of verbs with similar endings)
1st Conjugation Infinitive Ending ARE _
2nd Conjugation Infinitive Ending ERE
3rd Conjugation Infinitive Ending ERE
4th Conjugation Infinitive Ending IRE

15. o Every Latin verb has NUMBER. (singular or plural)
Person, Number, Tense
o Every Latin verb has a PERSON. (who does the action – subject – 1st, 2nd, or 3rd)
o Every Latin verb has NUMBER. (singular or plural)
o Every Latin verb has a TENSE. (time when action takes place)

16. Verb Parts
A. Every Latin verb has FOUR principal parts / primary forms
B. 1st principal part = 1st person singular, present tense
C. 2nd principal part = infinitive (verb form ending with –RE) Present stem – infinitive without its –re
D. 3rd principal part = 1st person singular, perfect tense Perfect stem – 3rd principal part without -I

17. How do you determine the CONJUGATION, PERSON, NUMBER, and TENSE of a Latin verb?
BY ITS ENDINGS

18. Latin Verb Endings PRSON # ENG LTN PRSNT IMPFCT PERFECT
1st sin I ego O BAM I
2nd sin you tu S BAS ISTI
3rd sin s/he, it is, ea, id T BAT IT
1st plural we nos MUS BAMUS IMUS
2nd plural y’all vos TIS BATIS ISTIS
3rd plural they ei, eae, ea NT BANT ERUNT

19. Parts of a Latin Sentence
o SUBJECT (S) – noun that does the action in the sentence; noun that the sentence is about
o LINKING VERB (LV) - verb that connects subject with another noun or adjective that describes it – in LATIN only the following verbs: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
o PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (PN) – noun that completes the meaning of a linking verb
o PREDICATE ADJECTIVE (PA) – adjective that completes the meaning of a linking verb
o DIRECT OBJECT (DO) – noun that receives the action of the sentence
o PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (PREP PH) – shows relationships – describes where the action takes place (examples – in, ad, ex (e), per, prope)
o INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – to whom or for whom something is given, shown, etc.

20. HOW TO TRANSLATE A SENTENCE
EVERY ENGLISH CLAUSE FOLLOWS A BASIC PATTERN:
SUBJECT [VERB] ACCUSATIVE {TO/FOR} DATIVE
THIS SHOULD BE THE FIRST THING YOU DO ON ANY DIFFICULT CLAUSE
GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE CAN BE PUT IN AFTER THIS BASIC PATTERN IS TRANSLATED

21. PRACTICE
MARCUS AND HIS SISTER RAN TO THE STORE ______ ET SOROR AD TABLINUM CONTENDERUNT MARCUS MARCUM MARCO MARCUS IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE SO THE ANSWER IS MARCUS

22. QUINTUS GAVE A HAND TO MARCUS QUINTUS MANUM ________ DEDIT MARCUS MARCUM MARCO MARCUS IS THE INDIRECT OBJECT (DATIVE) SO THE ANSWER IS MARCO

23. QUINTUS TOLD MARCUS TO GO HOME QUINTUS ______ IRE AD DOMUM DIXIT MARCUS MARCUM MARCO MARCUS IS THE DIRECT OBJECT (ACCUSATIVE) SO THE ANSWER IS MARCUM