Richard P. Halgin Susan Krauss Whitbourne University of Massachusetts at Amherst slides by Travis Langley Henderson State University Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Theoretical Perspectives

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. an orientation to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality. The Purpose of Theoretical Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology Theoretical perspectives influence the ways in which clinicians and researchers interpret and organize their observations about behavior.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychodynamic Perspective Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud ( )

Personality Structure Id Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In Freudian theory, the ID is the instinctive, inborn part of personality.

Personality Structure Id Ego Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In Freudian theory, The EGO is the center of conscious awareness.

Superego Personality Structure Id Ego Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In Freudian theory, the SUPEREGO controls the ego’s pursuit of the id’s desires.

Freud Defense Mechanisms Various tactics people use to keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Defense Mechanisms High Adaptive Defenses: Healthy responses to stressful situations. Humor Self-assertion Suppression Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Defense Mechanisms Tactics people use to protect themselves from anxiety by keeping unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness. Examples: High defense mechanisms (e.g., humor) Mental inhibitions (e.g., displacement) Disavowal (e.g., denial) Image distortions (e.g., splitting) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Psychodynamic Perspective Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Psychosexual Stages

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Post-Freudians and Criticism  Carl Jung ( )  Alfred Adler ( )  Karen Horney ( )  Erik Erikson ( )

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Post-Freudians and Criticism Secure Ambivalent (preoccupied) Avoidant (includes fearful and dismissive) Infant Attachment Style (Ainsworth)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humanistic Perspective Person-Centered Theory (Rogers)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humanistic Perspective Person-Centered Theory (Rogers) Self-Actualization Theory (Maslow)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humanistic Perspective Person-Centered Theory (Rogers) Self-Actualization Theory (Maslow) Client-Centered Therapy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sociocultural Perspective Theorists within the sociocultural perspective emphasize the ways that individuals are influenced by people, social institutions, and social forces.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Family Perspective Intergenerational approach Structural approach Strategic approach Experiential approach 4 major approaches: Proponents of the family perspective see abnormality as caused by disturbances in family interactions and relationships.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Social discrimination Social influences & historical events Treatment:  Family therapy  Group therapy  Multicultural approach  Milieu therapy Sociocultural Perspective

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)  Stimulus Generalization  Stimulus Discrimination  Aversive Conditioning

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Behavioral Perspective Operant Conditioning (Skinner) – Primary reinforcers – Secondary reinforcers – Positive vs. negative reinforcement – Punishment – Extinction (occurs with classical or operant) – Shaping

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning and Cognition

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning & Cognition Treatment – Counterconditioning – Systematic Desensitization – Contingency Management – Token Economy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitively Based Theory Treatment focuses on  Automatic thoughts  Dysfunctional attitudes

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biological Perspective Within the biological perspective, disturbances in emotions, behavior, and cognitive processes are viewed as being caused by abnormalities in the functioning of the body.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neurotransmitter Examples: acetylcholine GABA serotonin dopamine norepinephrine enkephalins a chemical substance released from a transmitting neuron (nerve cell) across a synapse to be absorbed by a receiving neuron

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Genetic Influences Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): 23 sets of paired strands spiral into double helix contain information cells need to manufacture protein organized into chromosomes

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Treatment: Somatic Therapies C Psychosurgery C Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) C Medication C Biofeedback

Biopsychosocial Perspectives: An Integrative Approach Ways in which clinicians integrate various models include technical eclecticism theoretical integration common factors approach Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Web site: