1. Lecture Overview Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

2. Key Definition Personality: unique & relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, & actions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

3. Trait Theories Trait: relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone Key Figures: – Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck – Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae & Costa-- Five-Factor Model (FFM) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

4. Five Factor Model Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism OCEAN ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

5. Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Measuring Personality Traits Goes both ways! Conscientiousness can reflect a hard-working person or someone with OCD. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

6. Evaluating Trait Theories Pro: – Five-factor model (FFM) helps describe & organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. – Evolutionary, cross-cultural, & cross-species studies support five-factor model (FFM). Con: Dan McAdams: “The Psychology of a Stranger” – Lacks explanation – Ignores situational effects; doesn’t predict behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

7. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions. Accounts for inner conflict Early Key Figures: – Founding Father--Freud – Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

8. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness Conscious: thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

9. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures Id: instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Ego: rational part of psyche (reality principle) Superego: the conscience (morality principle) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

10. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms: ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 ID EGO SUPER EGO

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12. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development – Oral Stage: birth-18 months – Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs – Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs – Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty – Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

13. Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages. At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

14. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Adler: suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a “will-to- power” that can be either positive or negative ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

15. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Jung: proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

16. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Horney: believed some adults experience basic anxiety due to childhood feelings of helplessness and isolation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

17. Pro: – Emphasis on unconscious, intra-psychic conflicts – Modern psychodynamic theories have moved away from psychosexual analysis and focus on relationships “Object Relations” Con: – Difficult to test – Overemphasizes drive reduction & unconscious forces – Inadequate evidence for theory – Sexism ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Evaluation?

18. Personality Development: Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages Erik Erikson identified 8 psychosocial stages of development—each marked by a “psychosocial” crisis or conflict related to a specific developmental task. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

19. Emphasis: – Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings & thoughts) & individual feelings of basic worth. – People are innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Humanists

20. Humanistic Theories: cepts Key component of personality = the self, what a person defines as “I” or “me” Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept & life experiences. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

21. Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued) Unconditional Positive Regard: love & acceptance with no contingencies attached ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

22. Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

23. Evaluating Humanistic Theories Pro: – Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: – Naive assumptions – Poor testability & inadequate evidence – Narrowness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

24. Social-Cognitive Theories Social Cognitive Theories Personality reflects: – individual’s interactions with the environment – how people think about the world & interpret what happens to them – Key Figures: Bandura & Rotter ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

25. Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms Self-Efficacy: person’s learned expectation of success Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

26. Social-Cognitive Theories: Rotter’s Key Terms Cognitive Expectancies: what people expect to happen Reinforcement Value: degree to which people prefer one reinforcer over another Locus of Control: what people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

27. Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Pro: – Emphasizes how environment affects & is affected by individuals – Easy to measure in psychology experiments Con: – Narrow focus – Ignores unconscious & emotional aspects of personality ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

28. Biology Three major biological contributors to personality: Brain Structures Neurochemistry Genetic Factors ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

29. Integrating the Perspectives ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights & contribute different proportions to personality.

30. Personality Assessment Four methods to measure personality: Interviews Observations Objective Tests (MMPI) Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

31. Two Key Criteria for Test Assessment Reliability: Measure of the consistency & reproducibility of a test’s scores when test is given again Validity: Ability of a test to measure what it was designed measure ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010