Reform Movements of the 19th Century (1820-1860)

1. The Second Great Awakening Also led to moral and social reforms “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] –Charles Finney [New Religions] [Utopias] Also led to moral and social reforms Women’s Rights Education Temperance Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Asylum & Penal Reform Abolitionism

“The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

The Shakers Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing Mother Ann, the messiah Separate but equal roles for men and women

The Mormons The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Founder, Joseph Smith Emphasized hard work, community, polygamy Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Utah

2. Utopian Communities

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) Utopian Societies Communities of Perfect societies Over 90 communities between 1800-1850 The Oneida Community, NY 1848 New Harmony, IN John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)

(European Romanticism) 3. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) Part of the period of religious revival People can transcend, rise above material things in life to reach higher level of intellect Approach perfection when you acquire knowledge about God, themselves, and universe

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden (1854) Inspiration from God through personal unification with nature Part of Anti-slavery movement R3-1/3/4/5

1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! 4. Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! Carrie A. Nation The Beecher Family Francis Willard (Leader of WCTU) States limited alcohol, strictly licensed taverns, adopted liquor taxes Culminates in passage of 18th A. in 1917

From the first glass to the grave, 1846 “The Drunkard’s Progress” FROM THE FIRST GLASS TO THE GRAVE. STEP 1. A glass with a friend. STEP 2. A glass to keep the bold chat. STEP 3. A glass too much. STEP 4. Drunk and riotous. STEP 5. The ... ... ... companions. A partly mad drunkard. STEP 6. Poverty and disease. STEP 7.Forsaken by friends. STEP 8. Desperation and crime. STEP 9. Death by suicide. From the first glass to the grave, 1846 Prohibition – Maine in 1846

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Religious Training  Secular Education 5. Educational Reform Purpose: Religious Training  Secular Education basic curriculum: reading, writing, math 2. Education will improve society, morals 3. Create an education system that is more uniform throughout country, supported by state By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.

Horace Mann (1796-1859) “great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc “children are clay in the hands of teachers and school officials” “Father of America Education” 1stSecretary of Ed in MA “great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc 1st State: taxes for school system Raised teacher’s salaries, established state teacher training programs persuaded legislatures to increase spending on schools 1821 1st public normal high school 6 month school year in 1839

Prison Reform Punishment for crimes prior to 1800s was mostly corporal, physical punishments, fines Reforms thought lawbreakers could be reformed –Penitentiary system was created - 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY – to reform and return to society as productive citizens (Eastern State Pent – PA) 1820’s – NE prison reformer Josiah Quincy – sought to establish different places for juvenile correction/reform

7. Abolitionist Movement By early 1800s most northern states had abolished slavery, hoped to end slavery in entire country 1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation, send freed AA to Africa, Monrovia, Liberia

Mentally Ill and Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Mental ill were kept “in cages, closets, cellars, chained, naked, beaten, lashed into obedience” Deeply religious teacher became interested in 1841 -horrible conditions women faced in MA institutions spent 18 months visiting jails, institutions and reported on it Result: Separate institutions in which people with mental illness would be treated humanely R1-5/7

Abolitionist Movement By 1830, it was clear that colonization was not very popular Abolitionists began to turn to complete end of slavery David Walker’s, The Appeal, --argueably most radical of all anti-slavery documents “slaves, revolt against your masters” “America is our country, we have enriched it with our blood and tears” Gradualists Immediatists

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) Slavery undermined republican values. Immediate emancipation, attacked racial prejudice Slavery was a sin, crime contracted both Bible and D of I Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue. R2-4

Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

Voices of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847  “The North Star” – anti-slavery newspaper R2-12

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves “Tracks” ==== routes “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

8. Women’s Rights 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. Garrison call for equal rights for women troubled many moderates, who believed women’s place was in domestic sphere “Cult of domesticity” – refuge from the cruel outside world, role is to civilize her husband and family

Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single  could own her own property. Married  no control over her property or her children. Could not initiate divorce. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone Sarah Grimké Angelina Grimké American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. edited Woman’s Journal Combined fight for Abolition and Women’s Rights R2-9

London- World Anti-Slavery Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls Convention 1st American meeting on women’s rights 300 men and women Signed Declaration of Sentiments Reforms included: Right to control property for married women Custody of children upon divorce Right to education and college Right to Vote – most fiercely debated issue