1. Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

2. Reform movement came about because of the Market Revolution
Led by the Middle Class
Belief in the goodness of human nature
Moralistic

3. A. Religious
Revivalism

4. The Second Great Awakening 1790’s-1830’s
2nd Religious Revival Movement in the U.S.
Stressed salvation through personal faith
Redemption

5. Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
The Second Great
Awakening
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

6. The “Burned-Over” District
An area in Upstate & Western NY state
Heavily evangelized during the 2nd G.A.
There was no more “Fuel” to “Burn” b/c everyone had converted
New religious
movements began in
this area

7. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
1823  Golden Tablets
1830  Book of Mormon
1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL
Joseph Smith ( )

8. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Mormons faced persecution b/c of their beliefs
Polygamy
Cooperative Communities
After his death, Brigham Young became the new leader
Brigham Young ( )

9. The Mormon “Trek” Desert community would become their “Zion”
Salt Lake City, Utah founded in 1847
Utah did not become a state until 1896 b/c of Mormon beliefs

10. B. Utopian Communities

11. What is a Utopian Community?
A group that pulls away from society to form a “perfect” community
Formed to counteract the economic & social evils caused by the Market Revolution
About 100 formed
All were Cooperative
Socialist/Communist in nature
Gender roles neutralized
Some founded around religion

12. The Shakers Religion was the focus
Life should be dedicated to finding perfection
Segregated men and women
Believed in celibacy
Live a simplistic
lifestyle

13. John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)
The Oneida Community New York, 1848
Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred.
Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.
all residents married to each other – “Complex Marriage”
carefully regulated “free love”
John Humphrey Noyes ( )

14. Brook Farm Transcendentalist Utopian farm Formed in West Roxbury, MA
Was influential to writers like Thoreau & Hawthorne
George Ripley

15. New Harmony, IN
To deal with poverty socialist communities should be established
All families work & live together
Robert Owen

16. C. Penitentiary
Reform

17. Institute Building in the U.S
During the 1830’s and 1840’s the U.S. began a program of institute building:
Jails for debtors and criminals
Poorhouses for the destitute
Orphanages for children without families

18. Dorthea Dix Mentally insane were placed in prisons and abused
No assistance given
Dix was an advocate to improve their treatment
1849:1st Asylum established to treat the insane
By states established asylums

19. D. Temperance

20. Consumption of Alcohol
Alcohol seen as one of the biggest problems of society
Mainly a problem for men
“Demon” Rum, Cider, Whiskey
Beer (when the Germans arrive)
Problem?
Wasted Money
Domestic Abuse
Increased Crime Rates
Decreased Efficiency at work

22. American Temperance Society
Founded in 1826 in Boston, MA
Claimed to have 200,000 members by mid 1830’s
Group mainly made up of Women
Two methods for ending the evils of alcohol:
Advocate a moderate use of alcohol
2. Make alcohol illegal
By 1857, 12 states had made alcohol illegal
ME was the first
Problem: laws found unconstitutional
Successful: alcohol consumption dropped

23. E. Education
Reform

24. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
Pushed for a state supported, public educational system
Advocated dividing children up by “Grades” and having a uniform curriculum in all schools
Discouraged corporal punishment
Established state teacher- training programs

25. Religious Training  Secular Education
Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every Northern state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

26. Women Educators
Middle class women now seen as able to have an acceptable job outside of the house
Established a seminary in NY to train female teachers
Emma Willard ( )
1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [MA] as the first college for women.
Mary Lyons ( )

27. F. Women's Rights

28. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

29. “Separate Spheres” Concept
“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home
Her role was to “civilize” her
husband and family.
Four Cardinal virtues:
Piety
Purity
Submission
Domesticity

30. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Rights
Many women believed that their roles in other reform movements should lead to an expansion of their rights
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

31. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists

32. Seneca Falls Convention
1st women’s rights convention
Held in July 1848
Stanton read Declaration of Sentiments
Outlined that women & men should be equals
However, no real changes until after WWI

33. G. Abolitionism

34. Early Movements 1816: American Colonization Society founded
Did not believe that freed slaves could achieve equality in the U.S.
Established Liberia in Africa

35. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
William Lloyd Garrison
Wanted immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
Began militant abolitionist movement in the North
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831