2. Reform Movements of the 19 th Century (1820-1860)

3. 1. The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual reform from within”-Charles Finney People turned to religion for direction with the rapid social and economic changes “ Sinners” could achieve moral perfection, eternal salvation, better themselves Emotional, scary, entertaining evangelists spread religious fervor in countryside

6. Important People Charles Finney – “religious revivalism” powerful, scary preacher (20,000 people at a time) French visitor Alexis de Tocqueville noted how a renewed interest in religious faith in the country African Americans and women active Richard Allen – Philadelphia one of 1 st AA churches in NA

7. “The Benevolent Empire”: volunteer societies to attack social probs 1825 - 1846 Burned-over: highly prone to religious awakening

8. Results and Effects [New Religions] Shakers, Mormons, Baptist, Methodist, Protestant Dems. Soared [Utopias] Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Also led to moral and social reforms Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Abolitionism Women’s Rights Revivalism in the South?

9. 2. Utopian Communities

10. Utopian Societies John Humphrey Noyes “The Oneida Community, NY 1848)  Communities of Perfect, Idealistic societies  Can be religious or secular eOver 90 communities between 1800-1850 Communalism equality agrarian societies

11. The Shakers Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing Late 1700s, in New England area – 1 st Utopian society –Life of perfection free of sin –Personal communication with god Mother Ann (Ann Lee), the messiah Believed in dualism of God Known for sexual equality Simple life, Separate but equal roles for men and women Declined in 1860s --- virtually non-existent by 20 th century

12. The Mormons The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Founder, Joseph Smith claimed that “divine assistance” had enabled him to discover and translate “buried golden plates” Emphasized hard work, community, family Controversy of polygamy Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Utah

13. 3. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) 3. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) ePart of the period of religious revival ePeople can transcend, rise above material things in life to reach higher level of intellect eApproach perfection when you acquire knowledge about God, themselves, and universe

14. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Inspiration from God through personal unification with nature R3-1/3/4/5 Part of Anti-slavery movement

15. 4. Temperance Movement The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! Carrie A. Nation 1890’s Francis Willard (Leader of WCTU) 1879 Corrupts family, disobeys god, Poverty, family violence, Criminal activity 1830s, Americans drank average of 7 gallons of Alcohol per person per year

16. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846 Prohibition – Maine in 1846 FROM THE FIRST GLASS TO THE GRAVE. STEP 1. A glass with a friend. STEP 2. A glass to keep the bold chat. STEP 3. A glass too much. STEP 4. Drunk and riotous. STEP 5. The......... companions. A partly mad drunkard. STEP 6. Poverty and disease. STEP 7.Forsaken by friends. STEP 8. Desperation and crime. STEP 9. Death by suicide.

17. Annual Consumption of Alcohol Reactions by Immigrants -Attack on their culture, customs -Germans, Irish Results, Effects -States begin to limit alcohol by 1. strictly license taverns 2. Adopt liquor taxes -1846 Maine 1 st state to outlaw alcohol - Mid 1800s, consumption drops significantly -1920, 18 th Prohibition Am.

18. 5. Educational Reform Initial Purpose of schools: Religious Training Secular Education: basic curriculum: reading, writing, math Purpose of reform: 1. Create a literate and disciplined work force 2. Education will improve democratic society, morals, heal social divisions 3. Create an education system that is more uniform throughout country 4. Tax-supported by state 5. Training programs for better teachers

19. “Father of America Public Education” 1 st Secretary of Board of Ed in MA Horace Mann (1796-1859) e“great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc eUnited local school districts into 1 st state taxed system e Raised teacher’s salaries, established state teacher training programs epersuaded legislatures to increase spending on schools e increased school year (6 mon.) e1821 1 st free public normal high school in Boston LITTLE IMPACT IN THE SOUTH ---WHY? By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.

20. 6.Mentally Ill and Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Mental ill were kept “in cages, closets, cellars, chained, naked, beaten, lashed into obedience” Deeply religious teacher, abused as a child became interested in 1841 -horrible conditions women faced in MA institutions spent 18 months visiting jails, institutions and reported on it Result: Separate institutions in which people with mental illness would be treated humanely @ 24 mental hospitals built b/w 1865-1880 R1-5/7

21. Prison Reform Prior to 1800s: mostly corporal, physical punishments, fines, no rehabilitation Reformers thought lawbreakers could be reformed –Penitentiary system was created: cultivate penitence – 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY, Eastern State Penitentiary – PA) 1820’s – NE prison reformer Josiah Quincy – established different places for juvenile correction

22. 7. Abolitionist Movement  Southerners called slavery a “peculiar institution” – part of their lifestyle, their economy e By early 1800s most northern states had abolished slavery, hoped to end slavery in entire country e1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation and then send freed AA to Africa, Monrovia (modern day Liberia)

23. Abolitionist Movement By 1830, it was clear that colonization was not very popular Abolitionists began to turn to more bold campaign for complete end of slavery David Walker’s, The Appeal, --argueably most radical of all anti-slavery documents “slaves, revolt against your masters with violent action” “America is our country, we have enriched it with our blood and tears” GradualistsImmediatists

24. William Lloyd Garrison – New England Journalist (1801-1879) eSlavery undermined republican values. eImmediate emancipation, attacked racial prejudice eSlavery was a sin, crime contradicted both Bible and D of I eSlavery was a moral, not an economic issue. R2-4

25. Premiere issue – Jan. 1, 1831 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society is formed – 1 st Nat’l anti-slavery organization R2-5 “ I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, speak, or write with moderation…I am in earnest – I will Not equivocate, I will not excuse, I will not retreat a single inch ---And I will Be heard.

26. Frederick Douglass (1817- 1895) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass “I have suffered under the lash without power to resist” 1847  “The North Star” – anti-slavery newspaper R2-12 Voices of the American Anti- Slavery Society (1833)

27. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth “Ain’t I a woman” R2-10

28. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) eHelped over 300 slaves to freedom. e$40,000 bounty on her head. eServed as a Union spy during the Civil War. eNever lost a single passenger “Moses”

29. The Underground Railroad

30. e“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape e“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves e“Tracks” ==== routes e“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves e“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

31. 8. Women’s Rights  1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.  Garrison call for equal rights  Catherine Beecher - women’s place was in domestic sphere  “Cult of domesticity” – role is to civilize husband and family

32. Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single  could own her own property. 4.Married  no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

33. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

34. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina GrimkéSarah Grimké e Combined fight for Abolition and Women’s Rights e 1 st women to speak on behalf of American Anti-slavery society Lucy Stone eAmerican Women’s Suffrage Assoc. ePowerful orator, suffered violent insults at lectures she gave eChallenged institution of marriage

35. London- World Anti-Slavery Convention Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments Susan B. Anthony Nat’l Women’s Suffrage Assoc. -

36. Seneca Falls Convention 1 st American meeting on women’s rights 300 men and women Signed Declaration of Sentiments Reforms included: –Right to control property for married women –Custody of children upon divorce –Right to education and college –Right to Vote – most fiercely debated issue