Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon.

Carbon Because of the bonding properties of carbon, there are millions of different organic chemicals. Each one has unique properties. There are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, even your fingernails Carbon has 4 valence e- It forms 4 bonds with other atoms C BOND

Carbon To add to the complexity of organic chemistry, neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds: A carbon-carbon single bond A carbon-carbon double bond A carbon-carbon triple bond

Carbon- based molecules have three general types of structures.

MACROMOLECULES Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together forming very large molecules

MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are formed through the process of Polymerization. Polymerization = large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together Small units monomers form larger units polymers. There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…

Four carbon-based or organic macromolecules found in living things. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The three elements exist in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. –Monosaccarides or Simple sugars. (1 ring sugar) –Disaccarides (2 carbon ring sugars) –Polysaccarides or Complex Carbohydrates include starches, cellulose, chitin and glycogen.

Monosaccharaides or Simple sugars Organism uses: Fuel for respiration Building larger sugars Small in size--can easily move into and out of cells Single Ring Structures

Disaccharides made from the combination of 2 monosaccharaides Disaccharides are water-soluble, but cannot move into or out of cells Sucrose or Table sugar Glucose + Fructose Lactose or Milk Sugar Glucose + Galactose Maltose or Cereal Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharides or Complex Carbohydrates “giant” sugar made from the combination of 3 or more monosaccharide's insoluble molecules that cannot move into or out of cells Used for long – term energy storage or structural support purposes

Carbohydrates Can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure and sup9ort. Cell Wall

Proteins Organic polymers that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Used in the protective skin and muscle tissue of animals and animals Also used as enzyme catalysts in both plants

Proteins Formed from the bonding of monomer building blocks called amino acids --makes long chains

Amino Acids Amino acids has three parts: Amine group Carboxyl group R group The R group represents a variable. The R group is different in each of the 20 amino acids and determines their behavior. Amine group NH 2 Carboxyl Group COOH

Amino Acids 20 different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms Humans can make 11 the there 9 must be obtained from food.

Proteins During the process of making a proteins a peptide bond forms Peptide bond is a covalent bond that links amino acids together Polypeptide = bonding of numerous amino acids Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond structures

Proteins -Differ in the number and order of amino acids. -Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. hydrogen bond Simple………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Complex

Denatured Proteins Any change in shape, structure, & function of a protein The denatured protein become biologically inactive (will not function) Causes of Denaturing: Alteration of pH Temperature changes

Proteins have many functions Antibodies - defend the body Muscles–movement Enzymes-speed up chemical reactions. Hormonal-- Insulin regulates glucose. Structural - hair, quills, feathers, horns, nails and beaks. Storage - egg whites; casein in milk Transport- hemoglobin transports oxygen

Enzymes (Type of protein) Ca Catalyst-substance that speed up the rate of chemical reactions are biological catalysts Are specific to the substrate Not used up during the reaction. Require optimum conditions at which they work best. (pH & Temperature) Lock and Key Model Substrate-is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts

Enzymes- Degradation reactions

Enzyme- Synthesis Reaction

Substrate - is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts SubstrateEnzymeProduct Hydrogen peroxide CatalaseOxygen and water StarchAmylaseMaltose MaltaseGlucose ProteinPepsinPeptides ProteaseAmino acids FatsLipaseFatty Acids and Glycerol

Insulin Pump PROTEINS

“ AKA” fats Chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Lipids are nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water. LIPIDS Higher ratio of C to H bonds Store more energy per gram than carbs.

Different Classes of Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Steroids

General Structure of Lipids (FATS) Fatty acid-carboxyl group with a long carbon skeleton carbons long Glycerol -3 carbon skeleton with a hydroxyl group (OH-) attached

Triglycerides Complex Lipid Formed from three fatty acids (tri) linked to glycerol.

Triglycerides Saturated Fats Solid at room temp. (FATS) Found in animal products Contains no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated Fats Liquids at room temp. (OILS) Found in plant & fish oils & legumes Contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

Major components of cell membranes Made of two fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group Negative charge (Loves H 2 O) (Repels H 2 O)

The cell membrane is made of two layers of phospholipids along with carbohydrates and proteins.

Wax Long fatty acid joined by an alcohol Made in both animal and plants Produce a protective layer

Steroids (Sterols) Estrogen Progesterone, Cortisol Testosterone, Vitamin D. Play essential roles in the physiology of organisms and Cell function.

Lipids Functions of Lipids Stores energy Make up cell membranes Repel water, waxy covering on leaves Some lipids function as hormones (sex hormones – estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Lipids include fats, oils, steroids and wax. room temp. room temp Cholesterol, wax room temp

Nucleic Acids Macromolecule monomer containing H, O, N, C, and P Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Nucleic Acids monomers are nucleotides. One Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are made of 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group nitrogenous base

Two types of Nucleic Acids.. DNA- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid RNA- Ribose Nucleic Acid

Two types of Nucleic Acids. – DNA stores genetic information. –RNA builds proteins DNA RNA