Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Section 1: Applied Genetics Section 2: DNA Technology Section 3: The Human Genome

13.1 Applied Genetics Selective Breeding Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Selective Breeding The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. Saint Bernard Rescue dog Husky Sled dog German shepherd Service dog

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Hybridization Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster. A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.

Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Inbreeding The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics Test Cross A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Genetic Engineering Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.

Genetically engineered organisms are used Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Genetically engineered organisms are used to study the expression of a particular gene. to investigate cellular processes. to study the development of a certain disease. Genetically engineered bollworm to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence. Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.

EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends, contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA. Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.

Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye. Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide is incorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology A technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment. PCR Analysis

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Biotechnology Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Plants Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition. Gene Splicing

The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome The Human Genome Project The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.

Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Sequencing the Genome Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved. These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines. Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.

Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to reading a book that was printed in code.

These regions are called noncoding sequences. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body. The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function. These regions are called noncoding sequences.

Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome DNA Fingerprinting Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals. The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual. DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Identifying Genes Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs). ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.

Creating and maintaining databases of biological information Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Bioinformatics Creating and maintaining databases of biological information Finding genes in DNA sequences of various organisms and developing methods to predict the structure and function of newly discovered proteins

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome DNA Microarrays Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments Help researchers determine whether the expression of certain genes is caused by genetic factors or environmental factors. Visualizing Microarray Analysis

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Regions of linked variations in the human genome are known as haplotypes. Assembling the HapMap involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome The HapMap will enable geneticists to take advantage of how SNPs and other genetic variations are organized on chromosomes.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics. The benefits of pharmacogenomics include more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.

Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics.

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

Which statement is not true of hybridization? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement is not true of hybridization? It is relatively inexpensive to perform. It produces offspring with specific traits. It crosses a parent organism with different forms of a trait. It can take a long time to be successful.

Name the process that scientists use to Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size. genetic engineering gel electrophoresis cleaving selective breeding

Select the process in which one type of Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium. cloning sequencing transformation manipulation

Which term explains how humans have been Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats? homogenization inbreeding selective breeding test crossing

A new breed of cattle has been developed by Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?

cross breed hybrid outbred purebred 13.1 Formative Questions Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions cross breed hybrid outbred purebred

Harmful recessive traits can be passed Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______. hybridization inbreeding line breeding out crossing

Once a tomato grower observes the desired Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?

to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive to determine the phenotype of the plants to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous

What is the name for the technology that Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism? bioengineering cloning genetic engineering transgenics

Which type of protein can recognize specific Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence? DNA ligase polymerase restriction enzyme transcriptase

Which process separates DNA fragments Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology? DNA fragmentation gel electrophoresis transgenic cloning polymerase chain reaction

A DNA molecule that has had genes from Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______. complementary DNA exogenous DNA genomic DNA recombinant DNA

Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists?

It can be used to identify errors in DNA Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict the function of genes. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and make millions of copies of it. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments.

The task of sequencing the entire DNA in Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions True or False The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed.

Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual? the noncoding sequences the regions that code for proteins the sections that contain genes the genes that code for fingerprints

Which field of study involves the careful Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences? algorithms bioanalysis bioinformatics microarray analysis

If the genome represents the words in a Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______. haplotype chromosome DNA proteome

Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Answer: a test cross

What is the role of the molecule below in DNA cloning? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of the molecule below in DNA cloning?

to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell to identify the source of DNA as foreign to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes

What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right? 1:2:1 1:1 All are homozygous recessive. All are heterozygous.

A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white? BB Bb bb bW

How do researchers distinguish between Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not?

They observe the two types of cells under a microscope. Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice They observe the two types of cells under a microscope. They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do not contain recombinant DNA. They use gel electrophoresis to separate the cells containing recombinant DNA.

Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? animals that can produce organs for organ transplants animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage plants that are resistant to insects and viruses

Which transgenic species could pose a Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms?

bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases cotton that is resistant to herbicides and infection goats that secrete a protein used to prevent human blood from forming clots

Why has the Food and Drug Administration Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy? The clinical trials affect the body’s response to drugs. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human.

Why has the Food and Drug Administration Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy? Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects the patient’s cells. Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic variations on chromosomes.

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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary selective breeding inbreeding test cross Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary Section 1 selective breeding inbreeding test cross

Section 2 Vocabulary genetic engineering genome restriction enzyme Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary Section 2 genetic engineering genome restriction enzyme gel electrophoresis recombinant DNA plasmid DNA ligase transformation cloning polymerase chain reaction transgenic organism

Section 3 Vocabulary DNA fingerprinting bioinformatics DNA microarray Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary Section 3 DNA fingerprinting bioinformatics DNA microarray single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype pharmacogenomics gene therapy genomics proteomics

Visualizing Microarray Analysis Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Animation Restriction Digest PCR Analysis Visualizing Microarray Analysis