Ecology (Get out ISN we are taking notes)  Homework Due Friday  Lab reports due Friday  Test Tuesday (study)

The study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment

Biosphere  The part of Earth that supports life  Top portion of Earth's crust  All the waters that cover Earth's surface  Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.

Ecosystem  All the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features of their environment

Populations  All of the same species in an ecosystem

Community  All the populations in an ecosystem

Competition  All living things compete for  Food  Space  Competition limits population growth

Limiting Factors  Anything that restricts or controls the number of individuals in a population  Includes living and nonliving features of the ecosystem

Carrying Capacity  The largest number of individuals of one species an ecosystem can support

Quiz  Ecosystem Brain pop Ecosystem Brain pop Ecosystem Brain pop

Relationships in Ecosystems

Symbiosis  Any close relationship between species en.wikipedia.org

Mutualism  A relationship in which both species benefit Cleaner fish Pollination Lichens: algae + fungus www4.tpgi.com.au

Commensalism  A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Barnacles on whale Shark & remora

Parasitism  A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmed Tick Mistletoe

Cooperation  Organisms working together toward a common end or purpose om.msu.edu

Predator - Prey  Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers, called prey

Brain pop  Relationships Relationships  Gummy Bear Activity

Get out ISN both mini labs will go in there this is still Ecology notes  Reminder Homework Due tomorrow!  Lab re-writes due tomorrow if you got your back and made below a 70.

Natural Selection  Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Darwin  Natural Selection-Determines which individuals have the best adaptations for reproductive success.

 Biotic factor- The organisms in an ecosystem (living)  Abiotic factor- non-living things

What makes something “LIVING”? 1.Growth 2.Cells 3.Movement 4.Respiration 5.Complex chemical reactions (digestion, metabolism, muscle contraction, etc) 6.Reproduction

Habitat  The place in which an organism lives  provides the kinds of food and shelter, the temperature, and the amount of moisture the organism needs to survive

Food Webs and Biodiversity

Biodiversity The diversity of life. The different organisms found on the Earth.

Autotrophs   Autotrophs - often make their own food by using sunlight, photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, and water to form sugars which they can use for energy.   Autotrophs are important because they are a food source for heterotrophs (consumers).   Some examples of autotrophs include plants, algae, and even some bacteria.

Heterotrophs  Heterotroph-an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition.

Producers  Most are photosynthetic  Use light energy to produce food  Some are chemosynthetic  Use stored chemical energy to produce food  All producers are Autotrophic  Produce their own food for energy

Producers Plants Algae

Consumers  Heterotrophic  Consume other organisms as food for energy  Herbivores-eat only plants  Carnivores-eat only meat  Omnivores- eat plants and meat

Consumers  Detritivores-receive energy from dead organisms  Decomposers-responsible for decay and returning nutrients back into environment

Trophic Level and Energy Pyramid Each organism represents a trophic level on the energy pyramid.

Energy Transfer Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.

Food Chain Shows how each living organism obtains food. What eats what. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer

Succession  Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary.  Primary – begins in a place without soil  Secondary – where soil already exists

Succession Series of environmental changes that occur in a predictable way. STEPS THAT OCCUR OVER TIME

Time

Types Of Succession Primary Succession And Secondary Succession

Primary Succession Development of newly formed land where NO plants or animals have EVER lived.

HOW DOES NEW LAND GET FORMED  Volcano Glaciers

The Island of Surtsey Example of Primary Succession New Land Formed from an underwater volcano

Newly formed Island of Surtsey, Iceland On November 15, 1963, an island was born.

Aerial view of Surtsey years later. What could the green area be?

Surtsey now. – nearly all green with vegetation!

Secondary Succession New plant life that occurs after all plant life has been destroyed.

If all plants are destroyed where do all new plants come from?

Wind blows seeds into area And/or Animals carry seeds into area

At 8:32 Sunday morning, May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted This picture was taken the day before the eruption.

The side of the volcano first collapsed.

Ash, rock, & melted snow came down the valley covering everything.

Before eruption

After eruption

Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1979)

Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1981)

Pioneer Species First plants to appear in an ecosystem. First plants to appear in an ecosystem.

Pioneer species  A group of organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process

Equilibrium (state of balance) Population remains stable throughout the years unless the ecosystem is destroyed.

Reaching Equilibrium Primary Succession takes much longer to reach EQUILIBRIUM than Secondary Succession. Primary Succession takes much longer to reach EQUILIBRIUM than Secondary Succession.

Remember… Succession is not immediate. It takes approximately 100 years for an ecosystem to recover completely.

Climax community  A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession

Biome  Large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems

Includes  Tundra  Taiga  Desert  Temperate deciduous forest  Temperate rain forest  Tropical rain forest, and grassland

Food Web Many food chains connected together

Activity  Food Fight Food Fight Food Fight