Biochemistry: Chemistry Part 2 The Organic Molecules

Biochemistry Preview/Review 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth’s crust 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth’s crust 11 are common to living organisms 11 are common to living organisms 20 found in trace amounts 20 found in trace amounts 4 elements make up approximately 96.3% of the total weight of the human body: 4 elements make up approximately 96.3% of the total weight of the human body: nitrogen nitrogen carbon carbon oxygen oxygen hydrogen hydrogen In varying combinations and amounts, these four elements make up mostly all of the compounds found in living things In varying combinations and amounts, these four elements make up mostly all of the compounds found in living things

Elements by Mass in the Human Body Oxygen: 65% Oxygen: 65% Carbon: 18.5% Carbon: 18.5% Hydrogen 9.5% Hydrogen 9.5% Nitrogen: 3.3% Nitrogen: 3.3% Phosphorus: 1.0% Phosphorus: 1.0% Sulfur 0.3% Sulfur 0.3% Sodium: 0.2% Sodium: 0.2% Magnesium: 0.1% Magnesium: 0.1% Silicon: trace Silicon: trace Fluorine: trace Fluorine: trace C.H.N.O.P.

What is polymerization? The formation of larger compounds from smaller compounds The formation of larger compounds from smaller compounds

The bonding process Polymers formed from monomers via dehydration synthesis Polymers formed from monomers via dehydration synthesis Where water is removed from the two joined molecules Where water is removed from the two joined molecules Separated via hydrolysis Separated via hydrolysis Where water is put back in place Where water is put back in place

Dehydration Synthesis A + B + C = ABC + 2 molecules of H 2 O H2OH2OH2OH2O

Hydrolysis ABC + 2 molecules of H 2 O = A + B + C In order to reverse the previous reaction (dehydration synthesis), we need to add water to the product ‘ABC’. So:

Example of a Modular Home (i.e., Macromolecule) Living Room Bed Room KitchenBathroom Monomers All of the individual monomers form the single polymer

What is “Biochemistry”? Common Sense: Chemistry of Life Common Sense: Chemistry of Life What does this mean? What does this mean? The foods you eat. The foods you eat. What those foods contain. What those foods contain. How they affect you based upon the chemical reactions they cause. How they affect you based upon the chemical reactions they cause. So what do you eat…. So what do you eat….

So What’s In The Foods You Eat? Fats (a.k.a.- Lipids) Proteins Carbohydrates

So What Does “Organic Mean”?

Organic v. Inorganic Compounds? Contain carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds Contain carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds Inorganic compounds = NO (C-H) bonds Inorganic compounds = NO (C-H) bonds “Bucky Ball”

Toughest College Class EVER!!!! Organic Chemistry Definition: The chemistry of carbon and its 2 MILLION compounds! Definition: The chemistry of carbon and its 2 MILLION compounds! Carbon: Strong & stable covalent bonds: Carbon: Strong & stable covalent bonds: 4 valence electrons 4 valence electrons Carbon forms bonds w/itself in forms of long chains or rings called “carbon backbones” Carbon forms bonds w/itself in forms of long chains or rings called “carbon backbones” These “backbones” are the basis of all of your foods and, since you are what you eat, what you are made of! These “backbones” are the basis of all of your foods and, since you are what you eat, what you are made of! This includes Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA This includes Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA

Compounds of Life: The Macromolecules There are four groups of organic macromolecules: There are four groups of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Sugars, Starches Sugars, Starches Lipids Lipids Fats, Waxes, Oils Fats, Waxes, Oils Proteins Proteins Amino acids Amino acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids RNA, DNA RNA, DNA

Carbohydrates Commonly referred to as sugars and starches Commonly referred to as sugars and starches Energy stored in the bonds of the carbohydrate molecule Energy stored in the bonds of the carbohydrate molecule 1 grams = 4 calories (Kilocalorie) 1 grams = 4 calories (Kilocalorie) Bonds easily broken down (water) by the body so “Carbs” are the body’s First Choice of Energy! Bonds easily broken down (water) by the body so “Carbs” are the body’s First Choice of Energy!

Carbohydrates They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in a consistent ratio of 1:2:1 or C 1 H 2 O 1 They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in a consistent ratio of 1:2:1 or C 1 H 2 O 1 The simplest unit/monomer: monosaccharides The simplest unit/monomer: monosaccharides

Monosaccharides Simple Sugars Simple Sugars Some examples are glucose, galactose and fructose Some examples are glucose, galactose and fructose They all have the same chemical formula, C 6 H 12 O 6, but they have different molecular structures They all have the same chemical formula, C 6 H 12 O 6, but they have different molecular structures Called Isomers Called Isomers

Monosaccharide Isomers

Forming Carbohydrate Polymers Two monosaccharides: glucose & fructose Two monosaccharides: glucose & fructose Form a disaccharide: Sucrose (Table Sugar) Form a disaccharide: Sucrose (Table Sugar) Put table sugar in a pan and turn on the heat…what happens? Put table sugar in a pan and turn on the heat…what happens?

Disaccharide formation GlucoseFructose C 6 H 12 O 6 + OH O + H2OH2O Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Water formed from bond between two -OH structures with an ‘O’, remaining at bond

Disaccharides Other disaccharides are: Other disaccharides are: Maltose (malt sugars) Maltose (malt sugars) Lactose (milk sugars) Lactose (milk sugars) “Di-” & “Poly-” are “complex carbs” “Di-” & “Poly-” are “complex carbs” “Mono-” are “simple sugars” “Mono-” are “simple sugars”

Reversing Disaccharide formation with Hydrolysis O Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 + H2OH2O OH GlucoseFructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Add Water to Reaction

Function of Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are many (3 or more) monosaccharides joined together Polysaccharides are many (3 or more) monosaccharides joined together This is the form of sugar that is stored in living things This is the form of sugar that is stored in living things

Storage forms of Polysaccharides Glycogen is the animal form of stored sugar It can be hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules long It also shows a distinctive “branching” pattern Starch is the plant form of stored sugar It can be hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules long It does not “branch” like glycogen

Starches continued Cellulose is a type of starch that plants synthesize Cellulose is a type of starch that plants synthesize It is the principal component of wood, or the cell walls of plants It is the principal component of wood, or the cell walls of plants The human appendix is believed to have been used to break down cellulose tens of thousands of years ago The human appendix is believed to have been used to break down cellulose tens of thousands of years ago Humans, as a whole, can no longer break down cellulose and so it is now considered fiber in our diets Humans, as a whole, can no longer break down cellulose and so it is now considered fiber in our diets

Lipids Lipids include Lipids include fats, fats, oils oils waxes waxes **(Fats and waxes are solids at room temperature while oils are not) Lipids have three main functions: Lipids have three main functions: Energy storage Energy storage Forming biological membranes (cell membranes) Forming biological membranes (cell membranes) Chemical messengers in the body Chemical messengers in the body

Lipids Energy Storage: Potential Energy Energy Storage: Potential Energy

Lipids Biological Membranes: Cell Membranes Biological Membranes: Cell Membranes

Lipids Chemical Messengers: i.e., Steroids Chemical Messengers: i.e., Steroids

Lipids Cholesterol…Good or Bad?

Polymerization of a Lipid + H 2 O Glycerol Fatty Acid Chain Carboxyl

Saturated v. Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats: No openings; Hydrogen bonded to every Carbon. Strong, hard to break bonds. LARD or CRISCO! Unsaturated Fats: Openings via Carbon to Carbon double bonds Bonds now easier to metabolize. CANOLA OIL, FISH OIL, ETC.

Proteins Proteins contain N, O, H and C Proteins contain N, O, H and C Proteins are made from long “chains” of amino acids Proteins are made from long “chains” of amino acids Bonds between amino acids called peptide bonds. Bonds between amino acids called peptide bonds. Proteins also called polypeptides. Proteins also called polypeptides. Amino acids have the same basic structure with the exception of the “R” group: LEGO! Amino acids have the same basic structure with the exception of the “R” group: LEGO!

Amino Acid Uses Proteins used for building and maintenance of tissues: i.e., muscle Proteins used for building and maintenance of tissues: i.e., muscle Not natural Natural

Amino Acid Uses Proteins (amino acid chains) are your last resort as a food source because they are difficult to metabolize Proteins (amino acid chains) are your last resort as a food source because they are difficult to metabolize

Amino Acid Structure Carboxyl Group Carbon Backbone w/”R” group Amino Group

Forming a Polypeptide through Dehydration Synthesis H2OH2O

The result of taking water from the two amino acids is a polymer, or protein, that has two monomers connected at a Carbon and a Nitrogen + H 2 O

Nucleic Acids 2 different nucleic acids: 2 different nucleic acids: RNA-Ribonucleic acid RNA-Ribonucleic acid DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid Both are composed of: Both are composed of: Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Oxygen Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Phosphorus

Nucleic Acids Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides Nucleotides have three basic parts: Nucleotides have three basic parts: A special 5-carbon sugar A special 5-carbon sugar A phosphate group A phosphate group A nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids The nitrogenous bases contain nitrogen The nitrogenous bases contain nitrogen A nucleotide, depending upon DNA on RNA, will have one of the following nitrogenous bases: A nucleotide, depending upon DNA on RNA, will have one of the following nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Uracil (U)

Diagram of a Nucleotide Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar Nitrogenous Base