Objectives Compare terms anatomy and physiology Compare terms anatomy and physiology Define pathology Define pathology Know right from left when viewing illustrations Know right from left when viewing illustrations List in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization in the body List in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization in the body Define the anatomical position Define the anatomical position List and define the principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one another List and define the principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one another List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of each List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of each Define negative and positive feedback loops Define negative and positive feedback loops

General Definitions Anatomy-study of structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Anatomy-study of structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Physiology-study of functions of living organisms Physiology-study of functions of living organisms Pathology- study of disease Pathology- study of disease

Levels of Organization Chemical – atoms and molecules Chemical – atoms and molecules Cells – smallest “living” units Cells – smallest “living” units Tissues- organization of similar cells Tissues- organization of similar cells Organs – several different kinds of tissues that act together to perform a function Organs – several different kinds of tissues that act together to perform a function System- various kinds of organs and tissues System- various kinds of organs and tissues (Chris calls Theresa on Saturdays) (Chris calls Theresa on Saturdays)

Anatomical Position Body erect (standing position) Body erect (standing position) Arms at side Arms at side Palms turned forward Palms turned forward Head forward Head forward Feet forward and slightly apart Feet forward and slightly apart

Anatomical Position

Directions Supine- lying face upward Supine- lying face upward Prone- lying face downward Prone- lying face downward Medial- toward midline Medial- toward midline Lateral-away from midline Lateral-away from midline Superior-toward head, upper, above Superior-toward head, upper, above Inferior-toward feet, lower, below Inferior-toward feet, lower, below Anterior- in front (ventral) Anterior- in front (ventral) Posterior-in back (dorsal) Posterior-in back (dorsal)

More directions Proximal-toward or nearest trunk of body, nearest to point of origin of a body part Proximal-toward or nearest trunk of body, nearest to point of origin of a body part Distal-away from the trunk, farthest from point of origin of a body part Distal-away from the trunk, farthest from point of origin of a body part Example: The elbow lies at the proximal end of the lower arm, whereas the hand lies at its distal end Example: The elbow lies at the proximal end of the lower arm, whereas the hand lies at its distal end

More directions Superficial-nearer the surface Superficial-nearer the surface Deep- farther away from the body surface Example: The skin of the arm is superficial to the muscles below it, and the bone of the arm is deep to the muscles that surround and cover it. Deep- farther away from the body surface Example: The skin of the arm is superficial to the muscles below it, and the bone of the arm is deep to the muscles that surround and cover it.

Planes or Body Sections Sagittal plane-divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides Sagittal plane-divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides Midsagittal plane-two equal halves Midsagittal plane-two equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane-divides body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Frontal (coronal) plane-divides body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Transverse plane-divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions Transverse plane-divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions

Body Cavities Body is composed of open spaces, or cavities, that contain compact well-ordered organs. Body is composed of open spaces, or cavities, that contain compact well-ordered organs. Two Major Body Cavities: Ventral and Dorsal Two Major Body Cavities: Ventral and Dorsal Ventral- of or near the belly (humans: front or anterior) Ventral- of or near the belly (humans: front or anterior) Dorsal- referring to the back (humans: posterior is dorsal) Dorsal- referring to the back (humans: posterior is dorsal)

Two Body Cavities Ventral – anterior Ventral – anterior A) Thoracic Cavity – the chest area A) Thoracic Cavity – the chest area 1. Mediastinum – subdivision in the 1. Mediastinum – subdivision in the mid portion (middle) of the thoracic mid portion (middle) of the thoracic cavity; heart and trachea cavity; heart and trachea 2. Pleural cavities – right and left; 2. Pleural cavities – right and left; lungs lungs Diaphragm – muscular partition of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle for breathing Diaphragm – muscular partition of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle for breathing

B. Abdominopelvic cavity – the abdomen B. Abdominopelvic cavity – the abdomen and pelvic area and pelvic area 1. Abdominal cavity – above the 1. Abdominal cavity – above the hipbones; stomach, liver, intestines, hipbones; stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen 2. Pelvic cavity – below the hip; 2. Pelvic cavity – below the hip; reproductive organs, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine (sigmoid colon) and lowest part of intestine (sigmoid colon) 3. Abdominopelvic regions 3. Abdominopelvic regions a. Nine regions a. Nine regions b. Four quadrants (Right upper and lower, b. Four quadrants (Right upper and lower, Left upper and lower) Left upper and lower)

Dorsal Cavity – posterior Dorsal Cavity – posterior A. Cranial cavity – brain A. Cranial cavity – brain B. Spinal cavity – spinal cord B. Spinal cavity – spinal cord

Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Upper regions – above ninth rib cartilage Upper regions – above ninth rib cartilage Right and left hypochondriac regions Right and left hypochondriac regions Epigastric Epigastric Middle regions – below ninth rib cartilage and above top of hipbones Middle regions – below ninth rib cartilage and above top of hipbones Right and left lumbar regions Right and left lumbar regions Umbilical region Umbilical region Lower regions – abdominal area below top of hipbones Lower regions – abdominal area below top of hipbones Right and left iliac (for inguinal: groin) Right and left iliac (for inguinal: groin) Hypogastric region Hypogastric region

Kidney - behind liver on the right and behind stomach on the left Kidney - behind liver on the right and behind stomach on the left Spleen – behind stomach on the left and superior to the kidney Spleen – behind stomach on the left and superior to the kidney Gallbladder – inferior to the liver on the right Gallbladder – inferior to the liver on the right Ureter – behind the small intestine Ureter – behind the small intestine

Know Table 1-2 on page 13

Homeostasis Maintenance of internal stability; All organs are involved Maintenance of internal stability; All organs are involved Peak body function – young adulthood Peak body function – young adulthood Less efficient during late adulthood and old age Less efficient during late adulthood and old age Feedback loops are a control system Feedback loops are a control system Sensor – detects change Sensor – detects change Control center – receives information from sensor Control center – receives information from sensor Effector – has an effect on the condition Effector – has an effect on the condition

Restoring Body Temperature Sensor – nerve endings Sensor – nerve endings Control center – the brain Control center – the brain Effector – muscles Effector – muscles Nerve endings feed information to the brain. In response to a chill, the brain sends nerve signals to muscles that shiver. Shivering produces heat that increases the body temperature Nerve endings feed information to the brain. In response to a chill, the brain sends nerve signals to muscles that shiver. Shivering produces heat that increases the body temperature

Negative Feedback Loops Negative feedback loops – oppose a change Negative feedback loops – oppose a change Decreasing blood oxygen concentration caused by muscles using oxygen during exercise is counteracted by an increase in breathing to bring the blood oxygen levels back up to normal. Decreasing blood oxygen concentration caused by muscles using oxygen during exercise is counteracted by an increase in breathing to bring the blood oxygen levels back up to normal. Excretion of urine when volume of fluid in body is greater than normal Excretion of urine when volume of fluid in body is greater than normal Shivering to increase body temperature Shivering to increase body temperature

Positive Feedback Loops Positive feedback loops – amplify or reinforce a change; not common in the human body Positive feedback loops – amplify or reinforce a change; not common in the human body Before the birth of a baby, uterine contractions increase Before the birth of a baby, uterine contractions increase Blood clotting – increasingly rapid sticking together of platelets Blood clotting – increasingly rapid sticking together of platelets Drop in blood pressure to reduce blood loss Drop in blood pressure to reduce blood loss