Latin American Independence Movements

Preguntas Muy Importantes What role did the French Revolution and then the rise of Napoleon play in the Haitian Revolution? What role did the social structure of New Spain play in the development of a nationalist movement?

Revolution in Haiti

Brief History of Haiti Island of Hispaniola Originally settled by Spanish Spanish abandon the western section after problems with natives French pirates begin settling the Western portion of island.

Haitian Economy Plantations established early By 1787 approximately 30,000 colonists in Haiti Profits from sugar, coffee, and indigo industries Slave labor critical to economy – Hard work, terrible conditions

Contributions to Revolution Strict social codes and separation Slaves outnumbered freed people 10:1 Conflict between slaves and plantation owners – Growing racial tension Groups of runaway called maroons The French Revolution – Slavery ended by radicals

Toussaint Louverture Born a slave Read many Enlightenment works Freed at 33 Worked for change beginning in 1791 Deported to France 1802 Died in April 1803 from pneumonia in Switzerland

Independent Haiti 1801 Constitution – Slavery restored November 18, 1803 French lose Battle of Battle of Vertières – Former slaves have nothing to lose January 1, 1804 Haiti declared independent republic

Significance of Haiti Second independent nation in Western Hemisphere (not a good trend for the Europeans) First former slave colony to be free – If actual slaves can do it… Many people left Haiti and settled in New Orleans Inspiration for slave revolts in US

Regroup How did Napoleon contribute to the revolution in Haiti? Who was the leader of the Haitian independence movement? What does his name mean in English? What was his fate?

A Junta a governmental council or committee, especially one that rules after a revolution Often military in nature Especially in South and Central America

Mexican Independence

After Napoleon puts his brother on throne in Spain, two groups emerge Conservatives wanted the king restored Liberales wanted a democracy – What is the root of the word? Rev. Miguel Hidalgo – Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores)

Reverend Miguel Hidalgo Catholic priest – No previous military experience Began to be interested in politics By 1809 revolutionary September 16, 1810: declares independence; gives the Grito de Delores (Cry of Delores)

Events toward Independence Hidalgo’s army marched on Mexico City Mexican army defeated by Spanish army – There is a clear difference between Mexican and Spanish July 31, 1811: Hidalgo is executed for treason

After Hidalgo Rev. Jose Maria Morelos takes over – He is captured & executed as well War continues for ten more years. Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America signed on November 6, 1813 Final recognition in 1821 Mexico free and independent

Revolution in Venezuela

Series of unsuccessful uprisings After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Francisco de Miranda declared independence on July 5, Venezuelan War of Independence began earthquake in 1812 and a rebellion ended first Venezuelan republic Second Venezuelan republic was proclaimed on August 7, 1813,

Simon Bolivar’s influence Simón Bolívar, José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre, won the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821 Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama together form Gran Colombia

Simon Bolivar Helped liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia Wealthy, connected family Educated in Spain

Simon Bolivar Returns to Venezuela in 1807 Joins revolutionary juntas in 1808 after Joseph Napoleon made King of Spain Called “El Liberator” President of Gran Colombia President of Peru President of Bolivia Died in 1830 of Tuberculosis.

Revolution in Argentina

Steps to Independence News of American and French Revolutions reach Argentina Junta forms in Buenos Aires Two states form: – United Provinces of South America (1810) – Liga Federal (1815)

Jose San Martin Born in Argentina Studied in Spain Friends with Bernardo O’Higgins Fought against French in Spain Returned to Argentina in 1812

Independence Jose San Martin begins leading battles ( ) July 9, 1816 Official independence declared by Argentine Congress

Jose San Martin Fought for Argentine independence Crossed the Andes in 1817 and began liberating Chile and Peru July 21, 1821 named Protector of Peru July 22, 1822 meets with Simon Bolivar Bolivar given task of liberating Peru Moves to France in 1824 Dies in1850

Peru and Chile

Peru’s Move Toward Independence Native population rebels due to economic conditions Leader of uprising was Túpac Amaru II. Rebellions 1812, 1814, and 1816 Spanish American landowners rebel Leaders of rebellion are Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin

Independent Peru San Martin leads an army financed by Chile Jose San Martin declares Peru independent July 28, 1821 in Lima “... From this moment on, Peru is free and independent, by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!".

After Independence Battle of Ayachucho in December 1824 Spanish troops defeated Spain made attempts to regain its former colonies 1879 finally recognized Peruvian independence. Boder disputes with neighbors

Chile’s Move Toward Independence Movement begins with Napoleon’s placement of Joseph Bonaparte on Spain’s throne. Broken into Three Stages: – The Old Republic – Reconquista

The Three Stages Stage One: The Old Republic begins with a junta for King Ferdinand VII: September 1810 Stage Two: Reconquista or struggle against Spanish autocracy Stage Three: Independence

The Reconquista Play on time period Refers to re- conquering of Spain from Muslims Led by Jose San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins 1810: Nationalist Rebels fight Spain 1814: O’Higgins and supporters hide in Argentina 1817: junta established in Santiago February 12, 1817: Battle of Chacabuco February 12, 1818: Independent

Bernardo O’Higgins Illegitimate son of Viceroy of Peru Educated in London 1801 inherits land from father Moves to Chile and becomes involved in gov’t

Bernardo O’Higgins 1817: Organizes a junta Wins Battle of Chacabuco February 16, 1817: Supreme Dictator Ruled for 6 years January 28, 1823 Conservative Coup removes him Battle of Chacabuco

Brazil

Background on Brazil Settled by the Portuguese Treaty of Tordesillas gives Brazil to Portugal and Spain the rest of South America Colony of Portugal until 1822 Portugal and Brazil involved in slave trade Diverse population with rigid class system

Events leading to Independence 1808 Portuguese court flees Portugal when Napoleon invades Center of Portuguese Empire is in Brazil King John VI ruled Portugal and the empire from Rio de Janeiro 1815 Brazil is joined with Portugal in United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarve

Independence Movement Begins 1821 King John VI returns to Portugal Leaves son Pedro in Brazil as regent of Brazil 1822 “Independence or Death” Constitutional Monarchy

Dom Pedro Liked by common people; not considered liberal enough by some Emperor of Brazil Set up Constitution Dissolved Assembly in 1823 Abdicated in 1831 for his son Pedro II