1. NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Why were nationalistic revolutions occurring throughout Latin America?
Mexico
Spanish South America

2. Latin American Class System
The successes of the American & French Revolutions along with the Enlightenment began to spread into Spain & Portugal’s colonies
In Latin America, there was a strong class system set up by the people who were from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)
Your rights depended where you were in this system
Europeans born in Spain/Portugal
Peninsulares
Creoles (Criollo)
Europeans born in Latin America
Mixed Indian & European
Mestizos
Mulattos
Mixed African & European
Slaves
African Slaves
Indians
Indigenous People

3. HAITI (Saint Domingue)
1791: First Latin American revolution (Caribbean Islands)
100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti)
The slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture
Napoleon sends troops to retake the island
Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery in Saint Domingue (Haiti)
French trick & capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps
More slaves join the fight – slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines
1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas
Significance: First totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves

4. Simon Bolívar SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA
South America’s wars of independence are led by two brilliant Creole Generals named Simon Bolívar & Jose de San Martín
Neither support Spain’s king Joseph Bonaparte
Venezuela declares independence from Spain in 1811 – Bolivar’s volunteer army suffers many defeats
1819: Bolívar leads his army over the Andes Mountains into Colombia (New Grenada), capturing Bogotá
– Bolívar wins, has liberated Venezuela & Colombia (Gran Colombia), he heads to Ecuador & Peru
Simon Bolívar
From Argentina (Rio De La Plata), San Martín starts an independence movement in 1816
Spanish have a strong army in nearby Chile
Jose de San Martín

5. Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile
1817: San Martín teams up w/ a Irish-Peruvian named Bernardo O’Higgins
Together they crossed in the Andes Mountains into Chile
Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile
San Martín heads north to Peru
San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies for one last push to defeat Spain
Bolivar leads combined armies. December 9, 1824 the final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru
Bernardo O’Higgins
Peru independent, Bolivia created

6. MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA (New Spain)
1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a rebellion against Spain
To symbolize the start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church
This was El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores
Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join
The Spanish Army led by Creoles would defeat Hidalgo’s army in 1811
Padre Miguel Hidalgo
Hidalgo will be executed by the Spanish Authorities

7. Jose Maria Morelos Agustin Iturbide
Padre Jose Maria Morelos would continue the fight for independence but four years later, the Spaniards defeat his army
After return of King of Spain (Legitimacy), Mexican Creoles would lose their privileges
Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians calling for Independence from Spain
Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence in 1821
1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America
Jose Maria Morelos
Central America wants independence from Mexico
Iturbide declares himself Emperor of Mexico and will not allow independence for Central American states
Iturbide is overthrown and Central American states get independence in 1823
Five independent countries form United Provinces of Central America
Agustin Iturbide

8. BRAZIL
After Napoleon invades Portugal, the King of Portugal moves his family and government to the colony of Brazil
King João (John VI) declares Brazil the Kingdom of Portugal & Brazil
For 14 years, the Portuguese government ran out of Rio de Janeiro
After Napoleon’s defeat King João and his royal court returned to Portugal (Legitimacy)
João’s son Pedro stays behind in Brazil
When King João decides to make Brazil a colony again, Brazilian Creoles demanded independence from Portugal
8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking for independence & to allow João’s son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
In 1822, King João agrees and grants Brazil independence
Brazil’s independence was a bloodless revolution
Dom Pedro I